Prognostic Value of Effort-independent Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test Variables for Postoperative Complications After Elective Colorectal Surgery

A cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) is increasingly used for preoperative risk assessment. Oxygen uptake (VO2) at peak exercise (VO2peak) and VO2 at the ventilatory anaerobic threshold (VO2VAT) are the most commonly used preoperative CPET variables that are associated with postoperative outcomes following colorectal cancer surgery. The aim of this study is to investigate the association between preoperative submaximal and effort-independent CPET variables and postoperative outcomes in colorectal cancer surgery. Specifically, the slope of the relation between minute ventilation and carbon dioxide production (VE/VCO2-slope) and the oxygen uptake efficiency slope (OUES) will be investigated.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Colorectal Cancer
• Intervention / Treatment: Diagnostic test: Preoperative cardiopulmonary exercise tetsing

Detailed Description

After resection for colorectal carcinoma, >30% of the patients develop a complication during admission or within 30 days after surgery. Several studies indicate that preoperative aerobic fitness, as objectively measured by a maximal cardiopulmonary exercise test, is associated with postoperative complications, in which a lower aerobic fitness indicates a higher risk for complications. The most used CPET variables, oxygen uptake (VO2) at peak exercise (VO2peak) and VO2 at the ventilatory anaerobic threshold (VO2VAT), have specific limitations. For a valid VO2peak, a maximal effort is required and VO2VAT determination is subjective and cannot be determined in all patients. Therefore, this study aims to explore the association of submaximal (effort-independent) preoperative CPET variables that are determinable in all patients, specifically the relation between minute ventilation and carbon dioxide production (VE/VCO2-slope) and the oxygen uptake efficiency slope (OUES), and postoperative outcomes in patient undergoing colorectal surgery.

Participants An explorative study will be carried out using retrospectively collected data from patients who underwent preoperative CPET in Medisch Spectrum Twente (MST), Máxima Medical Center (MMC), Maastricht University Medical Center+ (MUMC+), and VieCuri Medical Center (VMC).

Patient characteristics and outcome measures The following baseline patient characteristics will be collected: sex, age, body height, body mass, body mass index (BMI), nutritional status assessed by the short nutritional assessment questionnaire (SNAQ) score, smoking status (current, former, never), use of beta-blocker (yes/no), veterans-specific activity questionnaire score, location, type and stage of the tumor, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score (I-IV), Charlson comorbidity index (divided into three groups: 0, 1, and 2+), and type of surgical resection.

CPET data will be interpreted by two trained and experienced clinical exercise physiologists. The variables VO2peak, VO2VAT, VE-VCO2-slope, and OUES will be determined.

Outcome measures of interest are postoperative complications within 30 days after surgery and length of hospital stay. The severity of any postoperative complication will be scored using the Clavien-Dindo classification of complications (grade 1-5). A postoperative complication is defined as a Clavien-Dindo grade of 1 or higher. A grade 3-5 complication is defined as a severe complication.

Statistical analysis Receiver operator curve (ROC) analysis will be used to assess the independent ability of the VO2peak (mL/kg/min), VO2VAT (mL/kg/min), VE/VCO2-slope, and OUES normalized for body mass (OUES/kg) to discriminate between patients with and without 30-day postoperative complications. The optimal cut-off point is based on our preference to have primarily a high sensitivity (>0.8) with a reasonable specificity (>0.5), as we aim to detect almost all high-risk patients that might benefit from a preoperative intervention (e.g., exercise prehabilitation). Forward stepwise multivariable logistic regression analyses will be performed to investigate the prognostic value of VO2peak, VO2VAT, VE/VCO2-slope, and OUES/kg for 30-day postoperative complications separately for all complications (Clavien-Dindo grade of 1 or higher) and severe complication (Clavien-Dindo grade of 3-5). In case the baseline demographics are associated with 30-day postoperative complications (p<0.200), they will be tested for their association with VO2peak, VO2VAT, VE/VCO2-slope, and OUES/kg (p<0.200) using Pearson's r or Spearman's rho correlation coefficients, or paired sample t-tests, Mann Whitney U test, or one-way ANOVA, as appropriate. The logistic regression models will be adjusted for the potential confounders in a forward stepwise procedure.

Based on the optimal cut of points extracted from the ROC curves for each CPET variable, Kaplan-Meijer curves will be constructed to evaluate the univariate relationship between VO2peak, VO2VAT, VE/VCO2-slope, and OUES/kg and length of hospital stay. The Log-rank test will be used to compare survival curves.

Data will be analyzed with the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences for Windows (version 23.0; IBM, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Continuous data will be presented as mean with standard deviation, or as median with interquartile range (IQR), as appropriate. Categorical data will be summarized by frequency and percentage. A p-value <0.05 will be considered statistically significant.

• Study Type: Observational
• Enrollment (Actual): 114

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• Netherlands
  • Limburg
    • Venlo, Limburg, Netherlands, 5995BL
      • VieCuri Medical Center

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 years and older (Adult, Older Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: N/A
• Genders Eligible for Study: All

• Sampling Method: Non-Probability Sample

Study Population

Patients with colorectal cancer stage I-III who underwent elective surgery in in Medisch Spectrum Twente (MST) Maxima Medical Center (MMC), Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC), VieCuri Medical Center (VMC) and underwent preoperative CPET.

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Patients who had a preoperative CPET and who underwent elective colorectal surgery and where, > 18 years (MMC, VMC) or ≥60 years (MST), with a score ≤7 metabolic equivalents on the veterans-specific activity questionnaire (MST, MUMC+,VMC).

Exclusion Criteria:

• Patients who participated in exercise prehabilitation prior to surgery

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Number of groups / cohorts

1

Cohorts and Interventions

Group / Cohort	Intervention / Treatment
Patients with colorectal cancer; Patients with colorectal cancer who underwent elective surgery.	Diagnostic test: Preoperative cardiopulmonary exercise tetsing; Patients underwent a cardiopulmonary exercise test prior to surgery.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Postoperative complications	Postoperative complications scored using Clavien-Dindo clasification gade (1-5)	30 days postoperative

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Length of stay	Duration of hospital stay post surgery	60 days
Readmissions	Readmissions due to complicated course related to the surgical procedure.	30 days postoperative

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: VieCuri Medical Centre
• Collaborators: Maastricht University Medical Center; Maxima Medical Center; Medisch Spectrum Twente

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): April 15, 2022
• Primary Completion (Actual): July 15, 2022
• Study Completion (Actual): October 15, 2022

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: April 8, 2022
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: April 8, 2022
• First Posted (Actual): April 15, 2022

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): November 23, 2022
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: November 22, 2022
• Last Verified: August 1, 2022

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: prehabilitation; Cardiopulmonary exercise testing; OUES
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Pathologic Processes; Postoperative Complications
• Other Study ID Numbers: 2022_052

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: UNDECIDED

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No