Effect of Oral Magnesium Supplementation on Type II Diabetes Mellitus Guided by Serum Ionized Magnesium Level

The Effect of Oral Magnesium Supplementation on The Control and Outcomes of Type II Diabetes Mellitus Guided by Serum Ionized Magnesium Level: A Double-Blind Randomized Control Trial

Studies have shown that type 2 diabetic patients (T2DM) may have low serum magnesium levels leading to poor control and outcome of the disease. Supplementation with Mg might improve overall diabetic control and disease outcome. However, there is yet no consensus on whether the ionized (iMg) or the total Mg (tMg) level should be used as a basis to determine the status of Mg in the blood. Recently it was shown that iMg may correlate better with diabetes control than tMg. Therefore, Mg supplements to diabetic patients may improve their disease status. Unfortunately, and to the best of our knowledge all of the available trials on Mg supplementation guided by iMg levels were conducted on healthy volunteers rather than T2DM patients, and they were all for a short period of time (10 days to 10 weeks). Here we hypothesize that supplementations of T2DM patients with Mg based on serum iMg levels correlate better with diabetes control and prognosis. Such hypothesis is supported by a retrospective study that concluded that iMg correlate better with BP control than tMg. In addition, another trial that investigated the effects of three Mg dietary supplements; Mg oxide, Mg citrate and Mg carbonate on healthy female young adults, showed that only Mg oxide led to an increase in the levels of iMg and tMg concentrations when compared to baseline. Furthermore, a case-control study on older diabetic patients revealed a significant association between iMg and HbA1c. This study aims to investigate the effect of supplementing Mg oxide tablets versus placebo tablets guided by serum iMg levels in T2DM patients with or without hypomagnesemia on diabetic control and prognosis.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Type 2 Diabetes; Magnesium Disorder
• Intervention / Treatment: Dietary supplement: Magnesium Oxide tablet 500 mg

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 247
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• Oman
  • Muscat, Oman
    • Mohammed AlZa'abi

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 years and older (Adult, Older Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Adults (≥18 years old).
• Treated with oral hypoglycemic agents (OHA) ± insulin regimen.
• Had HbA1c ≥ 7% in the last 3 months

Exclusion Criteria:

• HbA1c of < 7%.
• Fully dependent patients as per clinical frailty score
• End stage renal disease (creatinine clearances (CrCl) at < 10ml/min)
• With neuromuscular disease
• With active solid or hematological malignancies.
• With cognitive disorders.
• With the following regular medications (baloxavir marboxil, calcium/sodium polystyrene sulfate, raltegravir, or unithiol) due to X category drug-drug interaction (contraindicated combinations) when given concurrently Mg oxide

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Supportive Care
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: Quadruple

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Active Comparator: Interventional group (Mg oxide supplementation): Interventional group (Mg oxide supplementation): Patients in this group will receive Mg oxide tablet 500 mg (302 mg elemental), with a dosage regimen of 1 table once daily as per the recommended range of the daily dose (from 250 to 500 mg elemental) (29, 31, 41, 45). Tablets should be taken with food and 2 hrs. apart from other medications for 12 consecutive months.	Dietary supplement: Magnesium Oxide tablet 500 mg; To supplement T2DM with Mg oxide tablets (500 mg total, 302 mg elemental) regardless on their magnesium level
Placebo Comparator: Control group (placebo tablets); Control group (placebo tablets): Patients in this group will receive placebo tablets labeled as 500 mg (302 mg elemental), with a dosage regimen of 1 tablet once daily. Tablets should be taken with food and 2 hrs. apart from other medications for 12 consecutive months.	Dietary supplement: Magnesium Oxide tablet 500 mg; To supplement T2DM with Mg oxide tablets (500 mg total, 302 mg elemental) regardless on their magnesium level

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c%)	To evaluate the reduction in HbA1c% levels after 3 and 12 months of Mg supplementation versus placebo between the interventional group verse the control group.	3-month and 12-month
Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG)	To evaluate the reduction in FBG levels after 3 and 12 months of Mg supplementation versus placebo between the interventional group verse the control group.	3-month and 12-month

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Emergency department (ED) visits, hospital admission, and length of hospital stay (LOS)	To determine the rate of ED visits, hospital admission, and LOS after 3 months and 12 months of Mg supplementation between the interventional group verse the control group.	3-month and 12-month
Total dosage of insulin regimen	To evaluate the pattern of total dosage adjustment in the insulin regimen after 3 months and 12 months of Mg supplementation versus placebo between the interventional group verse the control group.	3-month and 12-month
Blood pressure	To evaluate the reduction BP measurement after 3 months and 12 months of Mg supplementation versus placebo between the interventional group verse the control group.	3-month and 12-month
lipid profile	To evaluate the reduction in lipid profile after 3 and 12 months of Mg supplementation versus placebo between the interventional group verse the control group.	3-month and 12-month
Serum creatinine	To evaluate the rate of changes in serum creatinine after 3 and 12 months of Mg supplementation versus placebo between the interventional group verse the control group.	3-month and 12-month

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Sultan Qaboos University
• Collaborators: Nova Biomedical

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): September 25, 2023
• Primary Completion (Actual): September 30, 2024
• Study Completion (Actual): September 11, 2025

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: March 7, 2023
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: March 7, 2023
• First Posted (Actual): March 17, 2023

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Estimated): September 18, 2025
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: September 13, 2025
• Last Verified: September 1, 2025

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Endocrine System Diseases; Metabolic Diseases; Glucose Metabolism Disorders; Diabetes Mellitus; Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Inorganic Chemicals; Oxides; Oxygen Compounds; Magnesium Compounds; Magnesium Oxide
• Other Study ID Numbers: SQUH-ionized magnesium

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: YES
• IPD Plan Description: the whole IPD can be shared
• IPD Sharing Time Frame: no limits
• IPD Sharing Supporting Information Type: STUDY_PROTOCOL

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No
• product manufactured in and exported from the U.S.: No