Comparison of the Acute Effects of Different Warm-up Protocols in Overhead Athletes With Posterior Shoulder Tightness

Comparison of the Acute Effects of Different Warm-up Protocols on Shoulder Mobility, Muscle Stiffness, Muscle Power Performance, Shoulder Functional Ability and Shoulder Endurance in Overhead Athletes With Posterior Shoulder Tightness

The aim of this study is to investigate the immediate effects of different warm-up protocols on Shoulder mobility, Muscle stiffness, Muscle power performance, Shoulder functional ability and Shoulder endurance in overhead athletes with posterior shoulder tightness

Study Overview

• Status: Recruiting
• Conditions: Posterior Shoulder Tightness
• Intervention / Treatment: Other: Dynamic stretching; Other: Static stretching and dynamic stretching; Other: Dynamic stretching and foam rolling

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Estimated): 21
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

• Study Contact: Name: Bo, Lin Chen; Phone Number: 0975127355; Email: kersey.blue27@gmail.com

Study Locations

• Taiwan
  • Taipei, Taiwan
    • Not yet recruiting
    • National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University
    • Contact: National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University; Phone Number: (02)2826-7049; Email: tshuang@nycu.edu.tw
  • Taipei city, Taiwan
    • Recruiting
    • No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong St. Beitou Dist., Taipei City 112304, Taiwan
    • Contact: Bo, Lin Chen; Phone Number: 0975127355; Email: kersey.blue27@gmail.com

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: Adult
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: Yes

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Recreational or amateur athletes between the ages of 18 and 40
• Training time exceeding four hours per week
• Shoulder internal rotation is reduced by more than 15 degrees compared to the non-dominant side, or the sum of shoulder external rotation and internal rotation is less than 15 degrees compared to the non-dominant side or Shoulder horizontal adduction is reduced by move than 15 degrees compared to the non-dominant side

Exclusion Criteria:

• Shoulder pain within the past three months
• History of shoulder fracture, dislocation, or soft tissue tear surgery in the past
• Contraindications for massage include: open wounds in the treatment area, skin cancer, infections in the treatment area, and severe edema

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Treatment
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Crossover Assignment
• Masking: Single

Number of Arms

3

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Active Comparator: Dynamic stretching group	Other: Dynamic stretching; dynamic stretching: teach the participants movements that they can perform to warm up their soft tissues.
Experimental: Static stretching and Dynamic stretching group	Other: Static stretching and dynamic stretching; Static stretching: help patients do the movement that they're limited to stretch their soft tissue; Dynamic stretching: teach the participants movements that they can perform to warm up their soft tissues
Experimental: Dynamic stretching and foam rolloing group	Other: Dynamic stretching and foam rolling; Dynamic stretching: teach the participants movements that they can perform to warm up their soft tissues; Foam rolling: Teach the participants how to use a massage ball so that they can perform movements to warm up their soft tissues

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Passive range of motion	Passive range of motion (PROM) testing includes shoulder internal rotation, external rotation, and horizontal adduction. For shoulder internal and external rotation, the subject lies supine on a treatment table with the shoulder abducted to 90° and the elbow flexed to 90°. One examiner stabilizes the humeral head while passively moving the arm, and another examiner measures the range using a goniometer. For shoulder horizontal adduction, the subject lies supine with the shoulder flexed to 90°, the elbow flexed to 90°, and the shoulder internally rotated. One examiner stabilizes the scapula while passively moving the arm, and another examiner measures the range using a goniometer. (unit of measure : degree)	Pre-intervention and post intervention (immediate effect)
Active range of motion	Active range of motion (AROM) testing includes shoulder internal rotation, external rotation, and horizontal adduction. For shoulder internal and external rotation, the subject lies supine on a treatment table with the shoulder abducted to 90° and the elbow flexed to 90°. One examiner stabilizes the humeral head while the subject actively performs the movement, and another examiner measures the range using a goniometer. For shoulder horizontal adduction, the subject lies supine with the shoulder flexed to 90°, the elbow flexed to 90°, and the shoulder internally rotated. One examiner stabilizes the scapula while the subject actively performs the movement, and another examiner measures the range using a goniometer. (unit of measure : degree)	Pre-intervention and post intervention (immediate effect)
Muscle stiffness	The stiffness of the posterior shoulder muscles is assessed using a myotonometer (Myoton-Pro, Myoton AS, Tallinn, Estonia) to measure the infraspinatus and posterior deltoid. During the test, the subject exposes the shoulder area and lies in a prone position. A towel is placed under the front of the shoulder to ensure relaxation. For the infraspinatus, the measurement is taken two finger-widths below the midpoint of the scapular spine. For the posterior deltoid, the measurement is taken two finger-widths from the inferior edge of the acromion. Each muscle is tested five times, and the average value is recorded. (unit of measure : Newton metre)	Pre-intervention and post intervention (immediate effect)
Power performance	Shoulder internal and external rotation strength is assessed with the subject lying supine on a treatment table, with the shoulder abducted to 90° and the elbow flexed to 90°. The subject is instructed to perform a maximal isometric contraction of internal or external rotation for 3 seconds at the highest speed and force possible. One examiner stabilizes the humeral head, while a handheld dynamometer (Kinvent, Montpellier, France) attached to a handle is used for measurement. The test is performed three times, with a 30-second rest between trials, and the average value is recorded. (unit of measure : kilogram and Kilogram Per Second)	Pre-intervention and post intervention (immediate effect)

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Functional performance - Y balance test upper quarter	Before performing the Y Balance Test upper quarter (Move2Perform, Evansville, IN, USA), the subject removes shoes and socks and assumes a push-up position with feet shoulder-width apart. The starting position is set with the dominant hand placed on the platform, aligning the adducted thumb with the red line. The test involves reaching in three directions-lateral, diagonal-up, and diagonal-down-using the non-dominant hand while returning to the starting position after each reach. Each direction is tested three times, and the average value is recorded. (unit of measure : centimetre)	Pre-intervention and post intervention (immediate effect)
Functional performance - closed kinetic chain upper extremity stability test (CKCUEST)	The Closed Kinetic Chain Upper Extremity Stability Test (CKCUEST) measures upper limb dynamic stability and plyometric ability. To ensure accuracy, the distance from C7 to the tip of the middle finger is measured to determine hand placement. During the test, the subject assumes a push-up position with feet together and alternately touches the opposite hand as many times as possible within 15 seconds. The test is performed twice, with a 45-second rest between trials, and the average value is recorded. (unit of measure : times)	Pre-intervention and post intervention (immediate effect)
Shoulder endurance	The Posterior Shoulder Endurance Test assesses the fatigue resistance of posterior shoulder muscles. Before testing, a standardized dumbbell weight is determined as 2% of the subject's body weight, rounded to the nearest value. The subject lies prone at the edge of a treatment table with the head turned toward the testing side and the arm hanging naturally. Following a 60 Hz rhythm, the subject repeatedly lifts the arm sideways (shoulder external rotation, 90° horizontal abduction, and full elbow extension) until unable to continue or compensatory movements occur. (unit of measure : times)	Pre-intervention and post intervention (immediate effect)

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): January 19, 2025
• Primary Completion (Estimated): June 30, 2025
• Study Completion (Estimated): June 30, 2025

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: March 26, 2025
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: April 7, 2025
• First Posted (Actual): April 15, 2025

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): April 15, 2025
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: April 7, 2025
• Last Verified: September 1, 2024

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: Posterior Shoulder Tightness
• Other Study ID Numbers: NYCU113009AF

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No