LLM in Urodynamic Education

January 30, 2026 updated by: Huseyin Kocakgol

Large Language Model (LLM) as a Tutor in Urodynamic Education: A Prospective Learning Curve Study Among Urology Residents

Urodynamic investigations, including cystometry, pressure-flow studies, and electromyography, are considered the gold standard for the objective diagnosis of lower urinary tract dysfunction according to current international guidelines. However, accurate interpretation requires simultaneous analysis of multiple pressure signals, identification of artifacts, and application of complex nomograms, making urodynamics one of the most challenging diagnostic skills to master during urology residency training. Traditional training largely depends on apprenticeship-based exposure, which is highly variable across training centers. The primary aim of this prospective educational study is to evaluate the effectiveness of a large language model (LLM), as an interactive tutor in improving urology residents' urodynamic interpretation skills and learning curve. By providing structured theoretical instruction, case-based guidance, and real-time feedback through a standardized case pool, this study investigates whether AI-assisted mentorship can accelerate skill acquisition, enhance diagnostic accuracy, and offer a standardized, accessible educational model for urodynamic training.

Study Overview

Status

Not yet recruiting

Conditions

Intervention / Treatment

Detailed Description

Urodynamic testing, including cystometry, pressure-flow studies, and electromyography, represents the gold standard for the objective evaluation of lower urinary tract dysfunction. Despite its clinical importance, urodynamic interpretation requires advanced analytical skills, including simultaneous assessment of vesical, abdominal, and detrusor pressures, recognition of technical artifacts, and application of established nomograms. Consequently, mastery of urodynamic interpretation during urology residency training remains challenging and highly dependent on variable case exposure and faculty availability.

This prospective, single-center educational study is designed to assess the effectiveness of a large language model (LLM) configured as an interactive educational tutor in improving urology residents' urodynamic interpretation skills and learning curve. The study aims to determine whether structured, AI-assisted mentorship can provide a standardized and scalable alternative to traditional apprenticeship-based training.

Eligible participants include urology residents without prior formal urodynamic course certification. The educational intervention utilizes a curated library of 45 fully anonymized urodynamic tracings performed in accordance with International Continence Society standards. These cases represent a balanced spectrum of normal findings and common urodynamic diagnoses, including bladder outlet obstruction, detrusor overactivity, and reduced bladder compliance. All cases are validated by experienced urologists prior to inclusion.

The training protocol consists of sequential phases: a baseline assessment (pre-test), structured theoretical instruction delivered via an LLM-based tutoring interface, supervised case analysis with artifact recognition, interactive mentored interpretation, an intermediate assessment (mid-test), reinforcement through independent interpretation followed by AI-guided debriefing, and a final post-test evaluation. Case difficulty across assessment phases is balanced using a stratified randomization approach to ensure equivalent technical complexity.

Participant performance is evaluated using a predefined 16-item objective scoring system assessing technical validity, numerical parameter interpretation, and diagnostic synthesis. All assessments are independently reviewed by two blinded urologists, with adjudication by a third expert in cases of disagreement. Changes in interpretation accuracy over time are used to quantify the learning curve associated with LLM-assisted education.

All urodynamic data are fully anonymized prior to use, and no patient-identifiable information is shared. Participation is voluntary, and written informed consent is obtained from all residents. The study is conducted following institutional ethical standards and aims to provide evidence for the role of large language models as interactive tutors in advanced medical education.

Study Type

Interventional

Enrollment (Estimated)

13

Phase

  • Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

This section provides the contact details for those conducting the study, and information on where this study is being conducted.

Study Contact

Study Locations

  • Turkey (Türkiye)
      • Erzurum, Turkey (Türkiye)
        • University of Health Sciences, Erzurum City Hospital, Department of Urology
        • Contact:
        • Principal Investigator:
          • Hüseyin Koçakgöl, MD

Participation Criteria

Researchers look for people who fit a certain description, called eligibility criteria. Some examples of these criteria are a person's general health condition or prior treatments.

Eligibility Criteria

Ages Eligible for Study

  • Adult
  • Older Adult

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Yes

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

Urology residents currently enrolled in an accredited urology training program

No prior formal certification in urodynamic training

Exclusion Criteria:

Prior completion of a formal urodynamic training course

Declining to provide informed consent

Study Plan

This section provides details of the study plan, including how the study is designed and what the study is measuring.

How is the study designed?

Design Details

  • Primary Purpose: Other
  • Allocation: N/A
  • Interventional Model: Single Group Assignment
  • Masking: None (Open Label)

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm
Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: LLM-Based Urodynamic Education
Participants receive a structured urodynamic education program supported by a large language model acting as an interactive tutor.
Other: LLM-Based Urodynamic Tutoring
Participants receive a structured urodynamic education program supported by a large language model acting as an interactive tutor.
Other Names:
  • LLM-Based Urodynamic Education

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Improvement in Urodynamic Interpretation Accuracy
Time Frame: From baseline (pre-test) to post-test (approximately 4 weeks)
Change in urodynamic interpretation performance measured using a predefined 16-item objective scoring system assessing technical validity, numerical parameter interpretation, and diagnostic synthesis. Scores are compared across pre-test, mid-test, and post-test assessments to evaluate learning curve progression.
From baseline (pre-test) to post-test (approximately 4 weeks)

Collaborators and Investigators

This is where you will find people and organizations involved with this study.

Sponsor

Huseyin Kocakgol

Investigators

  • Principal Investigator: Hüseyin Koçakgöl, MD, University of Health Sciences, Erzurum City Hospital

Publications and helpful links

The person responsible for entering information about the study voluntarily provides these publications. These may be about anything related to the study.

General Publications

  • Frigerio M, Barba M, Cola A, Volontè S, Marino G, Regusci L, Sorice P, Ruggeri G, Castronovo F, Serati M, Torella M, Braga A. The Learning Curve of Urodynamics for the Evaluation of Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms. Medicina (Kaunas). 2022 Feb 23;58(3):341. doi: 10.3390/medicina58030341. PMID: 35334517; PMCID: PMC8955767.

Study record dates

These dates track the progress of study record and summary results submissions to ClinicalTrials.gov. Study records and reported results are reviewed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to make sure they meet specific quality control standards before being posted on the public website.

Study Major Dates

Study Start (Estimated)

March 15, 2026

Primary Completion (Estimated)

April 15, 2026

Study Completion (Estimated)

May 15, 2026

Study Registration Dates

First Submitted

January 30, 2026

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

January 30, 2026

First Posted (Actual)

February 6, 2026

Study Record Updates

Last Update Posted (Actual)

February 6, 2026

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

January 30, 2026

Last Verified

January 1, 2026

More Information

Terms related to this study

Keywords

Other Study ID Numbers

  • URO-LLM-UDS-2026

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?

NO

IPD Plan Description

Individual participant data will not be shared because the study involves a small sample size and focuses on educational performance outcomes. All analyses will be reported in aggregate form without identifiable individual-level data.

Drug and device information, study documents

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product

No

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product

No

This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.

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