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The Effect of Lateral Wedge Insoles on Lower Limb Biomechanics, Muscle Activity and Knee Adduction Moment During Walking and Running

6. juni 2026 opdateret af: Bahar Anaforoglu, Ankara Yildirim Beyazıt University

The aim of this prospective, randomized, single-group interventional study is to use quantitative methods to investigate the acute effects of using lateral-wedge insoles on lower extremity biomechanics, muscle activation patterns, and knee adduction moment during walking and running activities in healthy individuals aged 18-40. The primary research questions it seeks to answer are as follows:

  • Do lateral wedge insoles cause a significant change in knee adduction moment?
  • Do lateral wedge insoles change lower extremity biomechanics during walking and running?
  • Do lateral wedge insoles change the activation patterns of lower extremity muscles during walking and running? To compare the effectiveness of lateral wedge insoles, participants will randomly use insoles with 0 (neutral), 5, and 10-degree angles.

Participants will do the following:

  • Put on the shoes and insoles provided to you in the motion analysis laboratory and complete the walking and running protocols, each taking 1 minute, on the treadmill.
  • While walking at your normal walking speed, step so that your dominant leg is positioned over the force plate.
  • Repeat all of this for the insoles at the other two angles.

Studieoversigt

Status

Ikke rekrutterer endnu

Betingelser

Intervention / Behandling

Detaljeret beskrivelse

Lower extremity biomechanics plays a significant role in the balance of joint loads and muscle activation patterns during walking. Lateral wedge insoles are an orthotic intervention designed to both correct foot-ankle alignment and alter load distribution in the frontal plane at the knee joint. However, findings regarding the effects of these insoles on lower extremity kinematics, kinetics, and muscle activation patterns in healthy individuals are limited.

The aim of this study is to investigate the acute effects of using lateral wedge insoles on knee adduction moment, lower extremity biomechanics, and muscle activation levels in healthy individuals. The study will utilize a three-dimensional motion analysis system, a force platform, and surface electromyography (EMG). Participants will undergo walking and running tests under three different conditions in a randomized order: a 0° neutral insole, a 5° inclined lateral wedge insole, and a 10° inclined lateral wedge insole.

The data obtained aim to elucidate changes in mechanical loading and muscle activation associated with lateral wedge insoles, thereby strengthening the biomechanical foundations of design principles in insole prescription. Additionally, the reference data obtained from healthy individuals may provide a scientific basis for personalized insole design and rehabilitation protocols applicable to conditions such as knee osteoarthritis in future stages.

Undersøgelsestype

Interventionel

Tilmelding (Anslået)

30

Fase

  • Ikke anvendelig

Kontakter og lokationer

Dette afsnit indeholder kontaktoplysninger for dem, der udfører undersøgelsen, og oplysninger om, hvor denne undersøgelse udføres.

Studiekontakt

Studiesteder

  • Tyrkiet (Türkiye)
    • Yakutiye
      • Erzurum, Yakutiye, Tyrkiet (Türkiye), 25100
        • Laboratories of the Center for Applied Sports Sciences and Research
        • Kontakt:
        • Ledende efterforsker:
          • Enes Öztürk

Deltagelseskriterier

Forskere leder efter personer, der passer til en bestemt beskrivelse, kaldet berettigelseskriterier. Nogle eksempler på disse kriterier er en persons generelle helbredstilstand eller tidligere behandlinger.

Berettigelseskriterier

Aldre berettiget til at studere

  • Voksen

Tager imod sunde frivillige

Ja

Beskrivelse

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Being able to walk and run 10 meters without assistance
  • Not having sustained any injury to the lower extremities, pelvis, or trunk within the past 12 months
  • Not having received any treatment for the lower extremities, pelvis, or trunk within the past 6 months
  • Shoe size must be between EU 36 (22 cm) and EU 45 (28 cm) according to European Union (EU) standards
  • Must have scored between 0 and +5 on the Foot Posture Index scale for both feet
  • Have scored between 0 and 20 on the Revised Foot Function Index questionnaire
  • Have a body mass index (BMI) between 18 and 25 kg/m²

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Having cognitive impairment, vision or hearing problems, or a systemic disease that could affect overall health

  • Having deformities, contractures, or any other abnormalities in the trunk or lower extremities that could affect participation

    • Having a diagnosed foot or ankle deformity (e.g., pes planus, pes cavus, hallux valgus, etc.)

  • Having any neurological or muscular disorder
  • Being an active professional athlete
  • Failure to sign the informed consent form

Studieplan

Dette afsnit indeholder detaljer om studieplanen, herunder hvordan undersøgelsen er designet, og hvad undersøgelsen måler.

Hvordan er undersøgelsen tilrettelagt?

Design detaljer

  • Primært formål: Grundvidenskab
  • Tildeling: Randomiseret
  • Interventionel model: Crossover opgave
  • Maskning: Dobbelt

Våben og indgreb

Deltagergruppe / Arm
Intervention / Behandling
Placebo komparator: Control: Neutral Insole (0°)
Participants will wear a flat, neutral insole with 0 degrees of inclination inside a standardized shoe. This arm serves as the baseline/control condition to measure natural gait and running biomechanics without any lateral wedging.
Enhed: 3D Movement Analysis

Qualysis optoelectronic motion capture system (Gothenburg, Sweden) with 8 high-speed cameras will be used to record kinematic data at 2000 Hz. 32 reflective markers will be placed on anatomical landmarks.

For the walking test, the participant will be asked to walk on a treadmill at a speed of 4 km/h on a 0° incline for 1 minute. For the running test, the participant will be asked to run at a speed of 8 km/h on a 0° incline for 1 minute.

During walk and run, the following parameters will be measured and recorded using this gait analysis system: changes in tibial rotation, the degree of anterior-posterior and lateral pelvic tilt, pelvic height, pelvic rotation, changes in range of motion at the knee, hip, and ankle joints, and changes in the dynamic Q angle.

Andre navne:
  • insole
  • lateral wedge
  • biomechanics
Enhed: Force Plate

An integrated force plate device (BERTEC FP4060, ABD) will be used to measure ground reaction forces (GRF) at 1200Hz to calculate joint moments through inverse dynamics.

The knee adduction moment will be calculated in Newton-meters (Nm) as the product of the GRF's horizontal force and the length of the moment arm. The highest value of the knee adduction moment during walking will be recorded as the 'peak knee adduction moment' (pKAM).

Andre navne:
  • knee moments
  • adduksiyon moment
Enhed: Electromyography (EMG)
The study will evaluate how EMG values change during walking and running protocols when the participant uses insoles. The Noraxon Ultium EMG (Noraxon, USA) device will be used for this purpose. The selection, localization, and application method of the electrodes to be used in surface EMG will be carried out in accordance with the recommendations of the Surface EMG for Non-invasive Muscle Assessment (SENIAM) guidelines. For EMG, wireless surface electrodes will be placed on the semimembranosus, biceps femoris, rectus femoris, lateral head of the gastrocnemius, soleus, tibialis anterior, erector spinae, and multifidus muscles at the L5 level on the dominant side. Participants will be fitted with 1 cm wide Ag/AgCl EMG/ECG electrodes. The activation values of these muscles will be recorded as mV values using the SEMG method.
Andre navne:
  • EMG
Eksperimentel: 5-Degree Lateral Wedge Insole
Participants will wear a 5-degree lateral wedge insole placed inside a standardized shoe. The wedge is designed to provide a lateral tilt to the rearfoot. During gait and running, kinematic, kinetic, and EMG data will be collected to assess the biomechanical changes compared to the neutral condition.
Enhed: 3D Movement Analysis

Qualysis optoelectronic motion capture system (Gothenburg, Sweden) with 8 high-speed cameras will be used to record kinematic data at 2000 Hz. 32 reflective markers will be placed on anatomical landmarks.

For the walking test, the participant will be asked to walk on a treadmill at a speed of 4 km/h on a 0° incline for 1 minute. For the running test, the participant will be asked to run at a speed of 8 km/h on a 0° incline for 1 minute.

During walk and run, the following parameters will be measured and recorded using this gait analysis system: changes in tibial rotation, the degree of anterior-posterior and lateral pelvic tilt, pelvic height, pelvic rotation, changes in range of motion at the knee, hip, and ankle joints, and changes in the dynamic Q angle.

Andre navne:
  • insole
  • lateral wedge
  • biomechanics
Enhed: Force Plate

An integrated force plate device (BERTEC FP4060, ABD) will be used to measure ground reaction forces (GRF) at 1200Hz to calculate joint moments through inverse dynamics.

The knee adduction moment will be calculated in Newton-meters (Nm) as the product of the GRF's horizontal force and the length of the moment arm. The highest value of the knee adduction moment during walking will be recorded as the 'peak knee adduction moment' (pKAM).

Andre navne:
  • knee moments
  • adduksiyon moment
Enhed: Electromyography (EMG)
The study will evaluate how EMG values change during walking and running protocols when the participant uses insoles. The Noraxon Ultium EMG (Noraxon, USA) device will be used for this purpose. The selection, localization, and application method of the electrodes to be used in surface EMG will be carried out in accordance with the recommendations of the Surface EMG for Non-invasive Muscle Assessment (SENIAM) guidelines. For EMG, wireless surface electrodes will be placed on the semimembranosus, biceps femoris, rectus femoris, lateral head of the gastrocnemius, soleus, tibialis anterior, erector spinae, and multifidus muscles at the L5 level on the dominant side. Participants will be fitted with 1 cm wide Ag/AgCl EMG/ECG electrodes. The activation values of these muscles will be recorded as mV values using the SEMG method.
Andre navne:
  • EMG
Eksperimentel: 10-Degree Lateral Wedge Insole
Participants will wear a 10-degree lateral wedge insole placed inside a standardized shoe. This arm aims to evaluate the effects of a higher degree of lateral inclination on lower extremity joint loading and muscle activation patterns during walking and running.
Enhed: 3D Movement Analysis

Qualysis optoelectronic motion capture system (Gothenburg, Sweden) with 8 high-speed cameras will be used to record kinematic data at 2000 Hz. 32 reflective markers will be placed on anatomical landmarks.

For the walking test, the participant will be asked to walk on a treadmill at a speed of 4 km/h on a 0° incline for 1 minute. For the running test, the participant will be asked to run at a speed of 8 km/h on a 0° incline for 1 minute.

During walk and run, the following parameters will be measured and recorded using this gait analysis system: changes in tibial rotation, the degree of anterior-posterior and lateral pelvic tilt, pelvic height, pelvic rotation, changes in range of motion at the knee, hip, and ankle joints, and changes in the dynamic Q angle.

Andre navne:
  • insole
  • lateral wedge
  • biomechanics
Enhed: Force Plate

An integrated force plate device (BERTEC FP4060, ABD) will be used to measure ground reaction forces (GRF) at 1200Hz to calculate joint moments through inverse dynamics.

The knee adduction moment will be calculated in Newton-meters (Nm) as the product of the GRF's horizontal force and the length of the moment arm. The highest value of the knee adduction moment during walking will be recorded as the 'peak knee adduction moment' (pKAM).

Andre navne:
  • knee moments
  • adduksiyon moment
Enhed: Electromyography (EMG)
The study will evaluate how EMG values change during walking and running protocols when the participant uses insoles. The Noraxon Ultium EMG (Noraxon, USA) device will be used for this purpose. The selection, localization, and application method of the electrodes to be used in surface EMG will be carried out in accordance with the recommendations of the Surface EMG for Non-invasive Muscle Assessment (SENIAM) guidelines. For EMG, wireless surface electrodes will be placed on the semimembranosus, biceps femoris, rectus femoris, lateral head of the gastrocnemius, soleus, tibialis anterior, erector spinae, and multifidus muscles at the L5 level on the dominant side. Participants will be fitted with 1 cm wide Ag/AgCl EMG/ECG electrodes. The activation values of these muscles will be recorded as mV values using the SEMG method.
Andre navne:
  • EMG

Hvad måler undersøgelsen?

Primære resultatmål

Resultatmål
Foranstaltningsbeskrivelse
Tidsramme
Peak External Knee Adduction Moment (Peak KAM)
Tidsramme: İmmediately after the intervention (In every insole intervention)

The peak external knee adduction moment in the frontal plane will be calculated during walking. Kinematic data will be captured using a 3D motion analysis system, and kinetic data will be obtained via integrated force plates. The peak value will be extracted using inverse dynamics software.

Unit of Measure: Nm/kg.
İmmediately after the intervention (In every insole intervention)

Sekundære resultatmål

Resultatmål
Foranstaltningsbeskrivelse
Tidsramme
Lower Extremity Joint Kinematics
Tidsramme: İmmediately after the intervention (In every insole intervention)
Joint kinematics and surface electromyography (sEMG) will be recorded simultaneously to assess the dynamic changes during walking and running. A 3D motion analysis system will capture the peak angular displacements and total range of motion (ROM) of the ankle (e.g., inversion/eversion), knee (e.g., flexion/extension, varus/valgus, tibial rotation), hip joints ( e.g., internal/external rotation) and pelvic movements (e.g., pelvic tilt) in the sagittal, frontal, and transverse planes.
İmmediately after the intervention (In every insole intervention)
Muscle Activation
Tidsramme: İmmediately after the intervention (In every insole intervention)

In conjunction with joint kinematic measurements, a wireless sEMG system will be used to record peak muscle activation in the semimembranosus, biceps femoris, rectus femoris, lateral head of the gastrocnemius, soleus, tibialis anterior, erector spinae, and multifidus muscles (at the L5 level).

Unit of Measure: Degrees for joint angles, and Percentage of MVIC (%MVIC) for muscle activation.
İmmediately after the intervention (In every insole intervention)

Samarbejdspartnere og efterforskere

Det er her, du vil finde personer og organisationer, der er involveret i denne undersøgelse.

Sponsor

Ankara Yildirim Beyazıt University

Efterforskere

  • Studieleder: Bahar Anaforoğlu, Professor, Ankara Yildirim Beyazıt University
  • Ledende efterforsker: Enes Öztürk, Ankara Yildirim Beyazıt University

Publikationer og nyttige links

Den person, der er ansvarlig for at indtaste oplysninger om undersøgelsen, leverer frivilligt disse publikationer. Disse kan handle om alt relateret til undersøgelsen.

Generelle publikationer

Datoer for undersøgelser

Disse datoer sporer fremskridtene for indsendelser af undersøgelsesrekord og resumeresultater til ClinicalTrials.gov. Studieregistreringer og rapporterede resultater gennemgås af National Library of Medicine (NLM) for at sikre, at de opfylder specifikke kvalitetskontrolstandarder, før de offentliggøres på den offentlige hjemmeside.

Studer store datoer

Studiestart (Anslået)

1. juni 2026

Primær færdiggørelse (Anslået)

1. juni 2027

Studieafslutning (Anslået)

1. juni 2027

Datoer for studieregistrering

Først indsendt

6. maj 2026

Først indsendt, der opfyldte QC-kriterier

6. juni 2026

Først opslået (Faktiske)

10. juni 2026

Opdateringer af undersøgelsesjournaler

Sidste opdatering sendt (Faktiske)

10. juni 2026

Sidste opdatering indsendt, der opfyldte kvalitetskontrolkriterier

6. juni 2026

Sidst verificeret

1. juni 2026

Mere information

Begreber relateret til denne undersøgelse

Nøgleord

Yderligere relevante MeSH-vilkår

Andre undersøgelses-id-numre

  • AnkaraYBU2026-1/10
  • TDK-2026-2976 (Anden identifikator: Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Koordinasyon Birimi)

Plan for individuelle deltagerdata (IPD)

Planlægger du at dele individuelle deltagerdata (IPD)?

INGEN

IPD-planbeskrivelse

To protect participant privacy and in accordance with corporate data management policies and the sponsor approval process, participants' personal data relating to biomechanical laboratory datasets will not be shared outside the main research group.

Lægemiddel- og udstyrsoplysninger, undersøgelsesdokumenter

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Ingen

Studerer et amerikansk FDA-reguleret enhedsprodukt

Ingen

Disse oplysninger blev hentet direkte fra webstedet clinicaltrials.gov uden ændringer. Hvis du har nogen anmodninger om at ændre, fjerne eller opdatere dine undersøgelsesoplysninger, bedes du kontakte register@clinicaltrials.gov. Så snart en ændring er implementeret på clinicaltrials.gov, vil denne også blive opdateret automatisk på vores hjemmeside .

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