Évaluation de l'impact d'une intervention familiale pour améliorer les résultats développementaux et de santé chez les adolescentes

Female adolescents in the bolstered care will receive services/education as usual in their respective schools. The usual care will be bolstered by providing school supplies (e.g., textbooks, notebooks)

In addition to bolstered care, participants in this arm will receive the ANZANSI intervention comprised of family economic empowerment (FEE) intervention and multiple family group (MFG) intervention. FEE includes: 1) Financial Literacy Training; 2) Child Development Account (CDA); and 3) Family income-generating/microenterprise promotion component

Family Economic Empowerment: 1) Financial literacy training: Four 1-2 hour workshop sessions focused on financial literacy will be delivered. 2) CDA. Each participant receives a CDA, a matched savings account. Participants' family members, relatives, or friends are allowed and encouraged to contribute towards the CDA. The account is then matched with money from the project. The match cap is an equivalent of US$10 per month; 3) The family income-generating activity (IGA): Participants are trained on IGAs and expected to use part of their matched savings to start an IGA.

Multiple Family Groups. The manualized 16-session intervention is organized around 4Rs (Rules, Responsibility, Relationships, and Respectful Communication) and 2Ss (Stress and Social Support). Children and caregivers complete activities together or split to reconvene later for discussing as a larger group. Each group involves 7 to 10 families, with at least two generations of a family present in each session.

Change in health will be measured using the 5-item physical health subscale of the KIDSCREEN-52 Health Questionnaire for Children and Young People. The items are rated on a 1 to 5 Likert scale, with higher scores indicating better physical health. The theoretical range is from 5 to 25.

Change in nutrition is measured using the 29-item Diet Quality Questionnaire-Ghana, mapping onto 29 food groups. Each item is rated yes/no. DQQ data collection uses the closed-ended, sentinel foods list-based method and captures food and drink consumption from the previous day and night.

Change in mental health will be measured using Patient Health Questionnaire Depression Scale (PHQ-8). Each of the 8 items is rated from 0 ("not at all") to 3 ("nearly every day"). The theoretical range is from 0 to 24, with higher scores representing more severe depression. A total score of 0 to 4 represents no significant depressive symptoms. A total score of 5 to 9 represents mild depressive symptoms; 10 to 14, moderate; 15 to 19, moderately severe; and 20 to 24, severe.

Change in risk-taking will be measured using subsections from the Global School-based Student Health Survey (GSHS). GSHS measures behavioural risk factors and protective factors. For this study, the measure includes questions about tobacco and alcohol use as well as sexual risk-taking.

Change in self-concept will be measured by the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale Short Form. The 20-item short version of the original 100-item TSCS scale assesses adolescents' perception of self-identity and self-satisfaction. The items are rated on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 = always false to 5 = always true. The theoretical range for the TSCS is 20-100, with higher scores representing a more positive self-concept.

Change in the incidence of unaccompanied migration will be measured by a two-item scale (yes/no) and school records

Change in self-esteem will be measured using Rosenberg's self-esteem scale (RSES). The scale comprises 10 statements about general feelings of self-worth or self-acceptance rated on a 4-point Likert scale response option (strongly agree to strongly disagree, with 4 = strongly agree, 3 = agree, 2 = disagree, 1 = strongly disagree). The items are scored on a theoretical range of 10-40 and summed, with higher scores representing higher self-esteem.

Change in life satisfaction will be measured using the multi-dimensional student life satisfaction scale (MSLSS). The scale includes 40 items assessing life satisfaction on 5 specific aspects while maintaining an overall life satisfaction score. Responses are rated on a 6-point Likert scale with 1 = strongly disagree, 2 = moderately disagree, 3 = slightly disagree, 4 = slightly agree, 5 = moderately agree, and 6 = strongly agree (theoretical range 40-240). Higher values represent higher satisfaction in student life.

Change in school attendance for the past academic year will be measured using school records.

Grade progress will be measured using a three-response question (0= enrolled in expected grade, 1=grade repetition, 2=dropout)

Change in attitudes towards school will be measured by School attitude assessment survey. The range is 20 to 100, with higher scores representing a more positive attitude towards school. Attitudes toward school were assessed using the school attitude assessment survey (SAAS; McCoach, 2002). The survey consists of 20 items rated on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = not at all, 2 = a little bit, 3 = pretty well, 4 = well, and 5 = very well). The scale measures aspects of students' lives that predict their academic achievement, including peer attitudes, attitudes toward school, self-motivation, and self-regulation. Higher values representing higher positive attitudes toward school.

change in social support will be measured using the social support behavior scale. The SS-B measure consists of 45 items designed to tap five modes of support: emotional support, socializing, practical assistance, financial assistance, and advice/guidance. The Likert scale is from 1=strongly disagree to 5=strongly agree. The theoretical range is 45-225, with higher scores indicating higher social support.

Change in perceived social support will be measured by the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. The MSPSS is a self-report measure to assess participants' social support. The 12-item scale had statements such as, "there is a special person who is around when I am in need," rated on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from strongly agree to strongly disagree, with 5=strongly agree, 4=agree, 3=neutral, 2=disagree, 1=strongly disagree. The theoretical range is 12-60, with higher scores indicating greater social support.

change in family cohesion will be measured by a 7-item measure adapted from Family environment scale and family assessment measure. The items measure the degree of commitment, help and support family members provide for one another. Participants are asked to rate how often each item occurred in their family using a 5-point scale (with 1 = 'never' and 5 = 'always'). Items include 'Do your family members ask each other for help before asking nonfamily members for help?', and 'Do you listen to what other family members have to say, even when you disagree?' Theoretical range is 7 to 35, with higher scores indicating higher levels of family cohesion.

change in parenting stress will be measured by parental stress scale (PSS) developed by Berry and Jones (1995). The 18 item scale is scored with a 5-point likert scale, 1 = Strongly disagree 2 = Disagree 3 = Undecided 4 = Agree 5 = Strongly agree (theoretical range 18-80). Items represent positive (e.g. emotional benefits, personal development) and negative (demands on resources, restrictions) themes of parenthood. Lower scores represent lower levels of parenting stress.

change in intention to migrate will be measured by one item: How likely do you (the adolescent girl) see yourself migrating? The question uses a likert scale ranging from 1 (very unlikely) to 5 (very likely).

change in gender norms will be measured by the 10-item scale adapted from the Gender Norm Attitudes Scale (Waszak et al., 2001), which measures participants' understanding of the appropriateness of behaviors as they relate to being female and male. The items in the scale encompass aspects related to educational performance, future expectations for both genders, family support, encouragement, decision-making, and involvement in intimate relationships and behaviors. The scale items featuredbinary responses (Agree = 1 and Disagree = 0; theoretical range 0-10). Higher scores denote more egalitarian gender norms and beliefs.

change in future orientation will be measured by two items evaluating adolescents' expectations and optimism regarding their educational goals. The first item asks participants, How sure are you that you will achieve your educational plans? with response options ranging from 1 = Not at all sure to 5 = Extremely sure. The second item asks, How hopeful are you that you will achieve your educational plans? with parallel response options ranging from 1 = Not at all hopeful to 5 = Extremely hopeful (theoretical range 2-10). Higher scores indicate a more positive future orientation

change in confidence in saving will be measured by the confidence in saving survey that includes 5 items that assess participant's confidence in saving and saving-related behaviors. The survey uses a 5-point likert scale: 5= extremely confident, 4= very confident, 3= somewhat confident, 2= not very confident, or 1= not confident at all (theoretical range 5-25). Higher scores indicate higher confidence

change in importance of saving will be measured by the importance of saving survey that includes 5 items that assess importance of saving for participants. The survey uses a 5-point Likert scale: 5= extremely important, 4= very important, 3= somewhat important, 2= not very important, or 1= not important at all (theoretical range 5-25). Higher scores indicate higher importance of saving for participants.

change in savings overtime in the intervention group will be measured by monthly bank statements

The perceived child-caregiver relationship scale is adapted from the Family Assessment measure and assess relationships on two dimensions: (1) acceptance and warmth - the extent to which the caregiver perceives as involved in their child's life; and (2) psychological autonomy - the extent to which the caregiver employs a non-coercive, democratic discipline and encourages the child to express individuality within the family. Participants are asked to rate the adults they live with, on each of the 17 items (range: 17-85), on a 5-point scale (1 = 'never' and 5 = 'always'). Sample items include: "Can you count on your parents to help her if she has a problem?" and "Do your parents keep challenging you to do the best in whatever you do?" Higher scores indicatw a more positive child-caregiver relationship.