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Undersøkelse av det sympatiske nervesystemets funksjon hos personer med Downs syndrom (DIVE)

9. oktober 2026 oppdatert av: University of Colorado, Denver

Dysautonomi Undersøkelse hos Personer med Downs Syndrom: DIVE-studien

Down syndrome (DS), the most common genetic cause of intellectual disability, is associated with widespread organ dysfunction, including abnormalities in the autonomic nervous system (ANS). The ANS regulates critical functions such as heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP), both essential for maintaining homeostasis and supporting physical activity. Individuals with DS often exhibit blunted HR responses to exercise-typically ~30 beats per minute below expected levels-suggesting reduced sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity. The SNS governs rapid changes in HR and BP during stress by releasing catecholamines: epinephrine (from the adrenal medulla) and norepinephrine (from sympathetic nerve endings). Despite its importance, SNS function has not been comprehensively assessed among individuals with DS.

This study addresses a critical knowledge gap by evaluating SNS responses to physiological stressors in individuals with DS. The investigators will measure beat-to-beat HR and BP, along with plasma catecholamine levels, in response to sympathetic activation, comparing individuals with DS to age- and sex-matched controls. Understanding the mechanisms of SNS dysfunction in DS is vital, as it likely underlies reduced exercise capacity and contributes to broader clinical challenges. These insights may guide targeted interventions to improve cardiovascular function, physical capacity, and overall quality of life in this understudied population.

Studieoversikt

Detaljert beskrivelse

Evolution has equipped each species with instinctual defense mechanisms to cope with environmental stressors, ensuring survival. Many of these mechanisms are driven by activation of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), which orchestrates the "fight or flight" response. Systemic SNS activation extends across all organ systems, triggering the release of catecholamines to elevate heart rate (HR) and increase blood pressure (BP) to meet the heightened metabolic demands of the stressor and ensure the delivery of oxygen-rich blood to active tissues. Exercise, a potent sympathoexcitatory stressor, poses a major challenge to the oxygen transport system, requiring coordinated organ system function to increase both HR and BP. Dysregulated SNS activation can impair oxygen delivery, leading to reduced work capacity, quality of life, and is an independent predictor of morbidity and premature mortality. Therefore, experimental approaches to understand SNS activation in populations with reduced work capacity and premature morbidity, mortality is of upmost importance for improving health outcomes and quality of life on a population level.

Down syndrome (DS) is the most common chromosomal abnormality in the human population, with widespread effects across numerous tissues and organ systems, including accelerated biological aging. Individuals with DS exhibit reduced work capacity, with maximal HRs ~30 beats below normal, and face higher rates of premature morbidity and mortality than the general population. Notably, individuals with DS demonstrate blunted catecholamine response to the sympathetic stressor of maximal exercise, suggesting diminished SNS activation. Recent literature from this PI suggests altered peripheral blood flow and BP regulation among individuals with DS during large muscle mass exercise which immolates walking, or running- critical for survival. These findings align with recent evidence of hypoxic signaling, elevated heme metabolism, and stress erythropoiesis across the lifespan in this population. Together, these data suggest that impaired oxygen delivery, potentially linked to SNS dysregulation, may be more widespread in DS than previously recognized.

However, the role of SNS activation in the context of daily stressors which elevate both HR and BP, remains unclear. Understanding the mechanisms underlying SNS dysfunction in DS is crucial, as it likely contributes to many clinical and developmental challenges, including the underlying reduced work capacity and suggested autonomic dysfunction observed in this population. Addressing this gap may enable targeted therapies to enhance survival, longevity, and quality of life for individuals with DS. The investigators aim to systematically evaluate SNS activation through four stressors which mimic common stressors faced to any individual over the course of a day or lifespan. Through evaluation of plasma catecholamines, the investigators hope to elucidate the mechanisms and impact of catecholamine responses in individuals with DS compared typical responses observed among individuals without DS.

Aim 1. Characterize the catecholamine response to physiological stressors among individuals with DS. The investigators will assess SNS responses in individuals with DS and age- and sex-matched controls. Beat-to-beat HR and BP, along with plasma catecholamine levels will be collected in response to the following sympathetic stressors: A) Cold Stress, B) Handgrip with Post-Exercise Muscle Ischemia, C) Head-up Tilt, and D) Maximal Dynamic Exercise (VO2peak). Metabolomics and proteomics will be performed on the plasma samples and these efforts will help define the manifestations of hormonal SNS dysfunction in individuals with DS.

Studietype

Intervensjonell

Registrering (Antatt)

200

Fase

  • Fase 3

Kontakter og plasseringer

Denne delen inneholder kontaktinformasjon for de som utfører studien, og informasjon om hvor denne studien blir utført.

Studiekontakt

Studer Kontakt Backup

Studiesteder

    • Colorado
      • Aurora, Colorado, Forente stater, 80045
        • Rekruttering
        • Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus
        • Ta kontakt med:
        • Ta kontakt med:

Deltakelseskriterier

Forskere ser etter personer som passer til en bestemt beskrivelse, kalt kvalifikasjonskriterier. Noen eksempler på disse kriteriene er en persons generelle helsetilstand eller tidligere behandlinger.

Kvalifikasjonskriterier

Alder som er kvalifisert for studier

18 år til 50 år (Voksen)

Tar imot friske frivillige

Ja

Kjønn som er kvalifisert for studier

Alle

Beskrivelse

Inclusion Criteria:

  • 18-50 yrs old and apparently healthy individuals
  • Ability to understand the study and give assent to participate
  • Has a study partner who can attend all visits for the individuals with DS, and answer questionnaires, provide consent when necessary
  • Corrected or non-existent congenital heart disease
  • Euthyroid or on stable thyroid medication dose for at least 6 months
  • Free from cardiovascular, pulmonary, inflammatory, or metabolic disease in the past 6 months that would prevent participation in study procedures
  • BMI <45kg/m2
  • Ability to tolerate repeated blood draws / catheter placement

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Hypertension (resting systolic blood pressure [SBP] ≥140 and/or diastolic blood pressure [DBP] ≥90 mmHg) this includes those on medications to treat hypertension
  • Hypotension (resting BP of <90/60 mmHg)
  • Cancer in the last six months
  • Any heart-rate-altering medications or any other medication that may modify metabolic responses
  • Self-reported diabetes or use of glucose-lowering medication
  • Tobacco products, including vaping, or marijuana use
  • Currently pregnant
  • Post-menopausal women

Specific Exclusion Criteria for Certain Stressors:

  • Orthopedic limitations that would prohibit exercise or movement for exercise
  • Fracture of limb to be immersed for CPT
  • Open cut or sore on hand to be immersed for CPT
  • Raynaud's syndrome for CPT

Studieplan

Denne delen gir detaljer om studieplanen, inkludert hvordan studien er utformet og hva studien måler.

Hvordan er studiet utformet?

Designdetaljer

  • Primært formål: Forebygging
  • Tildeling: Ikke-randomisert
  • Intervensjonsmodell: Parallell tildeling
  • Masking: Ingen (Open Label)

Våpen og intervensjoner

Deltakergruppe / Arm
Intervensjon / Behandling
Eksperimentell: Individuals with Down syndrome

The investigators will be recruiting participants between the ages of 18-50 for the study investigating responses to four sympathetic stressors compared to age and sex matched individuals without Down syndrome.

Cold triggers the sympathetic nervous system, known as the 'fight-or-flight' response, which prepares the body to respond to a perceived threat by increasing heart rate, blood pressure, and releasing catecholamines. These measurements will be taken to examine how individuals with DS will respond during a cold stress test.

The investigators are looking at how plasma catecholamines (i.e., Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, and Dopamine), blood pressure, and heart rate are expressed during a cold stress test in individuals with Down syndrome, who have proposed autonomic dysfunction. This study will compare responses among individuals with Down syndrome to a control group without Down syndrome.

Andre navn:
  • Kaldtrykkstest
  • Kaldt Vann

The investigators are looking at how plasma catecholamines (i.e., Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, and Dopamine), blood pressure, and heart rate are expressed during a treadmill maximal exercise test in individuals with Down syndrome, who have proposed autonomic dysfunction. This study will compare responses among individuals with Down syndrome to a control group without Down syndrome.

Andre navn:
  • VO₂-topp
  • Tredemølle-trening

The investigators are looking at how plasma catecholamines (i.e., Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, and Dopamine), blood pressure, and heart rate are expressed during a isometric handgrip exercise followed by an ischemic period which will be induced by a blood pressure cuff in individuals with Down syndrome, who have proposed autonomic dysfunction. This study will compare responses among individuals with Down syndrome to a control group without Down syndrome.

Andre navn:
  • Handgrip
  • Post-Exercise Muscle Ischemia

The investigators are looking at how plasma catecholamines (i.e., Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, and Dopamine), blood pressure, and heart rate are expressed during passive head-up tilt testing which is a standardized, noninvasive clinical and research procedure used to characterize cardiovascular autonomic responses to orthostatic stress, among individuals with Down syndrome, who have proposed autonomic dysfunction.

Andre navn:
  • Vippebord
  • Orthostatic Stress
Eksperimentell: Individuals without Down syndrome

The investigators will be recruiting individuals without Down syndrome between the ages of 18-50 to serve as the comparisons for individuals with Down syndrome across the four sympathetic stressors.

Cold triggers the sympathetic nervous system, known as the 'fight-or-flight' response, which prepares the body to respond to a perceived threat by increasing heart rate, blood pressure, and releasing catecholamines. These measurements will be taken to examine how individuals with DS will respond during a cold stress test.

The investigators are looking at how plasma catecholamines (i.e., Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, and Dopamine), blood pressure, and heart rate are expressed during a cold stress test in individuals with Down syndrome, who have proposed autonomic dysfunction. This study will compare responses among individuals with Down syndrome to a control group without Down syndrome.

Andre navn:
  • Kaldtrykkstest
  • Kaldt Vann

The investigators are looking at how plasma catecholamines (i.e., Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, and Dopamine), blood pressure, and heart rate are expressed during a treadmill maximal exercise test in individuals with Down syndrome, who have proposed autonomic dysfunction. This study will compare responses among individuals with Down syndrome to a control group without Down syndrome.

Andre navn:
  • VO₂-topp
  • Tredemølle-trening

The investigators are looking at how plasma catecholamines (i.e., Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, and Dopamine), blood pressure, and heart rate are expressed during a isometric handgrip exercise followed by an ischemic period which will be induced by a blood pressure cuff in individuals with Down syndrome, who have proposed autonomic dysfunction. This study will compare responses among individuals with Down syndrome to a control group without Down syndrome.

Andre navn:
  • Handgrip
  • Post-Exercise Muscle Ischemia

The investigators are looking at how plasma catecholamines (i.e., Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, and Dopamine), blood pressure, and heart rate are expressed during passive head-up tilt testing which is a standardized, noninvasive clinical and research procedure used to characterize cardiovascular autonomic responses to orthostatic stress, among individuals with Down syndrome, who have proposed autonomic dysfunction.

Andre navn:
  • Vippebord
  • Orthostatic Stress

Hva måler studien?

Primære resultatmål

Resultatmål
Tiltaksbeskrivelse
Tidsramme
Seated Baseline Concentration of Plasma Catecholamines
Tidsramme: Seated baseline blood draw, prior to stressors

Investigators will use metabolomic techniques to quantify plasma concentrations of epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine in all participants before, during (in some stressors), and after the four stressor tests. These metabolites will provide insight into sympathetic nervous system activation in individuals with Down syndrome compared to those without Down syndrome.

Seated baseline blood draw, prior to stressors
Standing Baseline Concentration of Plasma Catecholamines
Tidsramme: Blood draw will occur in standing position, prior to head up tilt table testing

Investigators will use metabolomic techniques to quantify plasma concentrations of epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine in all participants before, during (in some stressors), and after the four stressor tests. These metabolites will provide insight into sympathetic nervous system activation in individuals with Down syndrome compared to those without Down syndrome.

Blood draw will occur in standing position, prior to head up tilt table testing
Concentration of Plasma Catecholamines During Cold Pressor Test
Tidsramme: During the cold stress test, around or up to 5 minutes

Investigators will use metabolomic techniques to quantify plasma concentrations of epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine in all participants before, during (in some stressors), and after the four stressor tests. These metabolites will provide insight into sympathetic nervous system activation in individuals with Down syndrome compared to those without Down syndrome.

During the cold stress test, around or up to 5 minutes
Concentration of Plasma Catecholamines During Handgrip Test
Tidsramme: Blood draws occur around or up to 2-3 minutes into handgrip test

Investigators will use metabolomic techniques to quantify plasma concentrations of epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine in all participants before, during (in some stressors), and after the four stressor tests. These metabolites will provide insight into sympathetic nervous system activation in individuals with Down syndrome compared to those without Down syndrome.

Blood draws occur around or up to 2-3 minutes into handgrip test
Concentration of Plasma Catecholamines During Post Exercise Muscle Ischemia
Tidsramme: Seated blood draw to occur, around or about 2-3 minutes into post exercise muscle ischemia

Investigators will use metabolomic techniques to quantify plasma concentrations of epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine in all participants before, during (in some stressors), and after the four stressor tests. These metabolites will provide insight into sympathetic nervous system activation in individuals with Down syndrome compared to those without Down syndrome.

Seated blood draw to occur, around or about 2-3 minutes into post exercise muscle ischemia
Supine Concentration of Plasma Catecholamines
Tidsramme: Blood draws during or around 10 minutes of supine rest

Investigators will use metabolomic techniques to quantify plasma concentrations of epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine in all participants before, during (in some stressors), and after the four stressor tests. These metabolites will provide insight into sympathetic nervous system activation in individuals with Down syndrome compared to those without Down syndrome.

Blood draws during or around 10 minutes of supine rest
Supine Concentration of Plasma Catecholamines, 5 Minutes into Head-Up Tilt
Tidsramme: At or around 5 minutes into the head-up tilt table stimulus

Investigators will use metabolomic techniques to quantify plasma concentrations of epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine in all participants before, during (in some stressors), and after the four stressor tests. These metabolites will provide insight into sympathetic nervous system activation in individuals with Down syndrome compared to those without Down syndrome.

At or around 5 minutes into the head-up tilt table stimulus
Supine Concentration of Plasma Catecholamines, 10 Minutes into Head-Up Tilt
Tidsramme: At or around 10 minutes into the head-up tilt table stimulus

Investigators will use metabolomic techniques to quantify plasma concentrations of epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine in all participants before, during (in some stressors), and after the four stressor tests. These metabolites will provide insight into sympathetic nervous system activation in individuals with Down syndrome compared to those without Down syndrome.

At or around 10 minutes into the head-up tilt table stimulus
Baseline Standing Concentration of Plasma Catecholamines Prior to Maximal Exercise Test
Tidsramme: Standing baseline blood draw, prior to maximal exercise test

Investigators will use metabolomic techniques to quantify plasma concentrations of epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine in all participants before, during (in some stressors), and after the four stressor tests. These metabolites will provide insight into sympathetic nervous system activation in individuals with Down syndrome compared to those without Down syndrome.

Standing baseline blood draw, prior to maximal exercise test
Standing Concentration of Plasma Catecholamines at End of Maximal Exercise Test
Tidsramme: This blood draw will occur at the very end or immediately following the maximal exercise test on the treadmill

Investigators will use metabolomic techniques to quantify plasma concentrations of epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine in all participants before, during (in some stressors), and after the four stressor tests. These metabolites will provide insight into sympathetic nervous system activation in individuals with Down syndrome compared to those without Down syndrome.

This blood draw will occur at the very end or immediately following the maximal exercise test on the treadmill
Standing Concentration of Plasma Catecholamines, 30 Minutes Post Maximal Exercise
Tidsramme: This blood draw will occur around 30 minutes following the maximal exercise test on the treadmill

Investigators will use metabolomic techniques to quantify plasma concentrations of epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine in all participants before, during (in some stressors), and after the four stressor tests. These metabolites will provide insight into sympathetic nervous system activation in individuals with Down syndrome compared to those without Down syndrome.

This blood draw will occur around 30 minutes following the maximal exercise test on the treadmill
Standing Concentration of Plasma Catecholamines, 60 Minutes Post Maximal Exercise
Tidsramme: This blood draw will occur at the around 60 minutes following the maximal exercise test on the treadmill

Investigators will use metabolomic techniques to quantify plasma concentrations of epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine in all participants before, during (in some stressors), and after the four stressor tests. These metabolites will provide insight into sympathetic nervous system activation in individuals with Down syndrome compared to those without Down syndrome.

This blood draw will occur at the around 60 minutes following the maximal exercise test on the treadmill
Seated Baseline Heart Rate, Prior to Cold Pressor Test
Tidsramme: Resting seated baseline, prior to cold pressor test, up to or around 5 minutes

Investigators will collect beat-to-beat heart rate recordings in all participants before, during (in some stressors), and after the four stressor tests. These cardiovascular perturbations will provide insight into sympathetic nervous system modulation in individuals with Down syndrome compared to those without Down syndrome.

Resting seated baseline, prior to cold pressor test, up to or around 5 minutes
Heart Rate Collected During Cold Pressor Test
Tidsramme: Collected throughout the Cold Pressor Test, around 6 minutes in total

Investigators will collect beat-to-beat heart rate recordings in all participants before, during, and after the four stressor tests. These cardiovascular perturbations will provide insight into sympathetic nervous system modulation in individuals with Down syndrome compared to those without Down syndrome.

Collected throughout the Cold Pressor Test, around 6 minutes in total
Heart Rate, Maximal Exercise Test
Tidsramme: Continuous heart rate recordings will take place throughout the maximal aerobic exercise test on the treadmill, up to or around 20 minutes

Investigators will collect beat-to-beat heart rate recordings in all participants before, during, and after the four stressor tests. These cardiovascular perturbations will provide insight into sympathetic nervous system modulation in individuals with Down syndrome compared to those without Down syndrome.

Continuous heart rate recordings will take place throughout the maximal aerobic exercise test on the treadmill, up to or around 20 minutes
Seated Baseline Blood Pressure, Prior to Cold Pressor Test
Tidsramme: Resting seated baseline, prior to cold pressor test, up to or around 5 minutes

Investigators will collect beat-to-beat blood pressure recordings in all participants before, during, and after the four stressor tests. These cardiovascular perturbations will provide insight into sympathetic nervous system modulation in individuals with Down syndrome compared to those without Down syndrome.

Resting seated baseline, prior to cold pressor test, up to or around 5 minutes
Blood Pressure Collected During Cold Pressor Test
Tidsramme: Collected throughout the Cold Pressor Test, around 6 minutes in total

Investigators will collect beat-to-beat blood pressure recordings in all participants before, during, and after the four stressor tests. These cardiovascular perturbations will provide insight into sympathetic nervous system modulation in individuals with Down syndrome compared to those without Down syndrome.

Collected throughout the Cold Pressor Test, around 6 minutes in total
Heart Rate Collected During Handgrip with Post-Exercise Muscle Ischemia
Tidsramme: Collected throughout the Handgrip tests with Post-Exercise Muscle Ischemia, around 12 minutes in total

Investigators will collect beat-to-beat heart rate recordings in all participants before, during, and after the four stressor tests. These cardiovascular perturbations will provide insight into sympathetic nervous system modulation in individuals with Down syndrome compared to those without Down syndrome.

Collected throughout the Handgrip tests with Post-Exercise Muscle Ischemia, around 12 minutes in total
Heart Rate Collected During Head-Up Tilt Table Test
Tidsramme: Collected throughout the Head-Up Tilt Table Test, around 25 minutes in total

Investigators will collect beat-to-beat heart rate recordings in all participants before, during, and after the four stressor tests. These cardiovascular perturbations will provide insight into sympathetic nervous system modulation in individuals with Down syndrome compared to those without Down syndrome.

Collected throughout the Head-Up Tilt Table Test, around 25 minutes in total
Blood Pressure Collected During Handgrip Test with Post-Exercise Muscle Ischemia
Tidsramme: Collected throughout the handgrip test with post-exercise muscle ischemia, up to or around 12 minutes

Investigators will collect beat-to-beat blood pressure recordings in all participants before, during, and after the four stressor tests. These cardiovascular perturbations will provide insight into sympathetic nervous system modulation in individuals with Down syndrome compared to those without Down syndrome.

Collected throughout the handgrip test with post-exercise muscle ischemia, up to or around 12 minutes
Blood Pressure Collected During Head-Up Tilt Table Test
Tidsramme: Collected throughout the head-up tilt table test, around 25 minutes in total

Investigators will collect beat-to-beat blood pressure recordings in all participants before, during, and after the four stressor tests. These cardiovascular perturbations will provide insight into sympathetic nervous system modulation in individuals with Down syndrome compared to those without Down syndrome.

Collected throughout the head-up tilt table test, around 25 minutes in total

Sekundære resultatmål

Resultatmål
Tiltaksbeskrivelse
Tidsramme
Facial Affective Scale Score, Baseline Assessment
Tidsramme: Baseline Assessment of Facial Affective Scale, this will occur prior to any stressors.

Investigators will use the validated 'Facial Affective Scale', which uses a series of nine drawn faces showing various degrees of emotional distress to help participants assess their emotional state. The nine faces represent a range of negative to positive affect, and each face having a specific value between 0.04 (maximum positive affect) and 0.97 (maximum negative affect). The chosen face's corresponding value is the Facial Affective Score. This will take up to or around approximately 5 minutes to complete.

Baseline Assessment of Facial Affective Scale, this will occur prior to any stressors.
Facial Affective Scale Score, Cold Pressor Test, 1.5 Minutes
Tidsramme: Assessment occurs around or up to 90 seconds (1.5 minutes) into cold water immersion

Investigators will use the validated 'Facial Affective Scale', which uses a series of nine drawn faces showing various degrees of emotional distress to help participants assess their emotional state. The nine faces represent a range of negative to positive affect, and each face having a specific value between 0.04 (maximum positive affect) and 0.97 (maximum negative affect). The chosen face's corresponding value is the Facial Affective Score.

Assessment occurs around or up to 90 seconds (1.5 minutes) into cold water immersion
Facial Affective Scale Score, Cold Pressor Test, Finale
Tidsramme: Assessment occurs immediately following or during the last minute of the Cold Pressor Test, up to or around 6 minutes following placement of arm into cold

Investigators will use the validated 'Facial Affective Scale', which uses a series of nine drawn faces showing various degrees of emotional distress to help participants assess their emotional state. The nine faces represent a range of negative to positive affect, and each face having a specific value between 0.04 (maximum positive affect) and 0.97 (maximum negative affect). The chosen face's corresponding value is the Facial Affective Score.

Assessment occurs immediately following or during the last minute of the Cold Pressor Test, up to or around 6 minutes following placement of arm into cold

Samarbeidspartnere og etterforskere

Det er her du vil finne personer og organisasjoner som er involvert i denne studien.

Studierekorddatoer

Disse datoene sporer fremdriften for innsending av studieposter og sammendragsresultater til ClinicalTrials.gov. Studieposter og rapporterte resultater gjennomgås av National Library of Medicine (NLM) for å sikre at de oppfyller spesifikke kvalitetskontrollstandarder før de legges ut på det offentlige nettstedet.

Studer hoveddatoer

Studiestart (Faktiske)

6. april 2026

Primær fullføring (Antatt)

1. desember 2029

Studiet fullført (Antatt)

1. desember 2030

Datoer for studieregistrering

Først innsendt

22. oktober 2025

Først innsendt som oppfylte QC-kriteriene

17. november 2025

Først lagt ut (Faktiske)

20. november 2025

Oppdateringer av studieposter

Sist oppdatering lagt ut (Faktiske)

13. oktober 2026

Siste oppdatering sendt inn som oppfylte QC-kriteriene

9. oktober 2026

Sist bekreftet

1. september 2026

Mer informasjon

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NEI

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Studerer et amerikansk FDA-regulert medikamentprodukt

Nei

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Nei

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