Body Positive Images and Photo Modification Cues on Social Media

June 21, 2024 updated by: Chapman University
The purpose of this research is to explore how women evaluate photos of other women posted on social media sites. There are two factors the investigators plan to explore in an online experiment: (a) the degree to which body positive images appear to be sexualized or not; and (b) whether or not there is evidence of photo modification on these images. The results of this work will provide greater understanding into the effects of the body positive movement and determine conditions under which these campaigns are most impactful.

Study Overview

Status

Status

Indicates the current recruitment status or the expanded access status.
Withdrawn

Conditions

Conditions

The disease, disorder, syndrome, illness, or injury that is being studied. On ClinicalTrials.gov, conditions may also include other health-related issues, such as lifespan, quality of life, and health risks.

Intervention / Treatment

Intervention / Treatment

A process or action that is the focus of a clinical study. Interventions include drugs, medical devices, procedures, vaccines, and other products that are either investigational or already available. Interventions can also include noninvasive approaches, such as education or modifying diet and exercise.

Detailed Description

The purpose of this research is to explore how women evaluate photos of other women posted on social media sites. Specifically, the investigators are interested in providing more nuance regarding the effectiveness of body positive imagery (i.e., more diverse representations of physical attractiveness and empowerment of women underrepresented in the mainstream media). The literature on female objectification suggests women are oftentimes portrayed in unrealistic ways (e.g., ultra-thin and hyper-sexualized) via the mainstream media. Moreover, warranting theory provides predictions about the extent to which online content represents an offline reality. As such, there are two factors the investigators plan to explore in an online experiment: (a) the degree to which body positive images appear to be sexualized or not; and (b) whether or not there is evidence of photo modification on these images. The results of this work will provide greater understanding into the effects of the body positive movement and determine conditions under which these campaigns are most impactful.

Study Type

Study Type

Describes the nature of a clinical study. Study types include interventional studies (also called clinical trials), observational studies (including patient registries), and expanded access.
Interventional

Phase

Phase

The stage of a clinical trial studying a drug or biological product, based on definitions developed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The phase is based on the study's objective, the number of participants, and other characteristics. There are five phases: Early Phase 1 (formerly listed as Phase 0), Phase 1, Phase 2, Phase 3, and Phase 4. Not Applicable is used to describe trials without FDA-defined phases, including trials of devices or behavioral interventions.
  • Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

This section provides the contact details for those conducting the study, and information on where this study is being conducted.

Study Locations

  • United States
    • California
      • Orange, California, United States, 92866
        • Chapman University

Participation Criteria

Researchers look for people who fit a certain description, called eligibility criteria. Some examples of these criteria are a person's general health condition or prior treatments.

Eligibility Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

The key requirements that people who want to participate in a clinical study must meet or the characteristics they must have. Eligibility criteria consist of both inclusion criteria (which are required for a person to participate in the study) and exclusion criteria (which prevent a person from participating). Types of eligibility criteria include whether a study accepts healthy volunteers, has age or age group requirements, or is limited by sex.

Ages Eligible for Study

18 years and older (Adult, Older Adult)

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Yes

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Adults 18 years of age or older

Exclusion Criteria:

  • n/a

Study Plan

This section provides details of the study plan, including how the study is designed and what the study is measuring.

How is the study designed?

Design Details

  • Primary Purpose: Basic Science
  • Allocation: Randomized
  • Interventional Model: Factorial Assignment
  • Masking: Single

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm

Participant Group / Arm

A group or subgroup of participants in a clinical trial that receives a specific intervention/treatment, or no intervention, according to the trial's protocol.
Intervention / Treatment

Intervention / Treatment

A process or action that is the focus of a clinical study. Interventions include drugs, medical devices, procedures, vaccines, and other products that are either investigational or already available. Interventions can also include noninvasive approaches, such as education or modifying diet and exercise.
Experimental: Sexualized images / High photo modification
Other: psychological
Participants will either view body positive images that are sexualized (vs. nonsexualized) and a great deal of evidence of photo modification (vs. low photo modification).
Experimental: Sexualized images / Low photo modification
Other: psychological
Participants will either view body positive images that are sexualized (vs. nonsexualized) and a great deal of evidence of photo modification (vs. low photo modification).
Experimental: Nonsexualized images / High photo modification
Other: psychological
Participants will either view body positive images that are sexualized (vs. nonsexualized) and a great deal of evidence of photo modification (vs. low photo modification).
Experimental: Nonsexualized images / Low photo modification
Other: psychological
Participants will either view body positive images that are sexualized (vs. nonsexualized) and a great deal of evidence of photo modification (vs. low photo modification).
Experimental: Control images
Other: psychological
Participants will either view body positive images that are sexualized (vs. nonsexualized) and a great deal of evidence of photo modification (vs. low photo modification).

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Primary Outcome Measures

In a clinical study's protocol, the planned outcome measure that is the most important for evaluating the effect of an intervention/treatment. Most clinical studies have one primary outcome measure, but some have more than one.
Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Closed-Ended Questionnaire Items Extent of Sexualization (semantic differential)
Time Frame: During the single-session study (data collected over 12 months); immediately after viewing experimental images
Closed-Ended Questionnaire Items--Participants will be asked to report to what extent they believe the images that they viewed are sexual in nature using semantic differential scales.
During the single-session study (data collected over 12 months); immediately after viewing experimental images
Closed-Ended Questionnaire Items Extent of Physical Attractiveness (semantic differential)
Time Frame: During the single-session study (data collected over 12 months); immediately after viewing experimental images
Closed-Ended Questionnaire Items--Participants will be asked to report to what extent they believe the people in the images that they viewed are attractive using a semantic differential scale.
During the single-session study (data collected over 12 months); immediately after viewing experimental images
Closed-Ended Questionnaire Items of Extent of Photo Modification (Likert Scale)
Time Frame: During the single-session study (data collected over 12 months); immediately after viewing experimental images
Closed-Ended Questionnaire Items--Participants will be asked to report to what extent they believe the images that they viewed were modified or edited in some way with a series of statements about photo modification (1 = strongly disagree; 7 = strongly agree).
During the single-session study (data collected over 12 months); immediately after viewing experimental images
Closed-Ended Questionnaire Items of Extent of Body Appreciation
Time Frame: During the single-session study (data collected over 12 months); immediately after viewing experimental images
Closed-Ended Questionnaire Items--Participants will be asked to report to what extent they feel appreciative of their own body with a series of statements about body appreciation (1 = strongly disagree; 7 = strongly agree).
During the single-session study (data collected over 12 months); immediately after viewing experimental images
Closed-Ended Questionnaire Items of Extent of Positive Body Image (Likert Scale)
Time Frame: During the single-session study (data collected over 12 months); immediately after viewing experimental images
Closed-Ended Questionnaire Items--Participants will be asked to report about their feelings about their own body a series of statements on their body (1 = strongly disagree; 7 = strongly agree).
During the single-session study (data collected over 12 months); immediately after viewing experimental images
Closed-Ended Questionnaire Items of Extent of Positive Evaluations of Photos (Likert Scale)
Time Frame: During the single-session study (data collected over 12 months); immediately after viewing experimental images
Closed-Ended Questionnaire Items--Participants will be asked to report their evaluations of the images that they viewed on Likert scales with a series of statements (1 = strongly disagree; 7 = strongly agree).
During the single-session study (data collected over 12 months); immediately after viewing experimental images
Open-Ended Questionnaire Items on the Rate of Other-Objectification / Social Aggression
Time Frame: During the single-session study (data collected over 12 months); as they view the experimental images
Open-Ended Questionnaire Items--Participants will be asked to report their feelings about the images they are viewing in open-ended response boxes to assess the extent to which they objectify and/or express social aggression toward the images.
During the single-session study (data collected over 12 months); as they view the experimental images
Open-Ended Questionnaire Items on the Rate of State Self-Objectification
Time Frame: During the single-session study (data collected over 12 months); immediately after viewing experimental images
Open-Ended Questionnaire Items--Participants will be asked to report 20 statements about themselves and their identity in open-ended response boxes.
During the single-session study (data collected over 12 months); immediately after viewing experimental images
Closed-Ended Demographic Item of Biological Sex
Time Frame: During the single-session study (data collected over 12 months); at the end of the survey with other demographic measures
Questionnaire Item--Participants will report their biological sex as "male" or "female" to include in sample characteristics.
During the single-session study (data collected over 12 months); at the end of the survey with other demographic measures
Closed-Ended Demographic Item of Race/Ethnicity
Time Frame: During the single-session study (data collected over 12 months); at the end of the survey with other demographic measures
Questionnaire Item--Participants will report their race/ethnic background" to include in sample characteristics.
During the single-session study (data collected over 12 months); at the end of the survey with other demographic measures
Closed-Ended Demographic Item of Age
Time Frame: During the single-session study (data collected over 12 months); at the end of the survey with other demographic measures
Questionnaire Item--Participants will report their age to include in sample characteristics.
During the single-session study (data collected over 12 months); at the end of the survey with other demographic measures
Closed-Ended Demographic Item of Social Media Use
Time Frame: During the single-session study (data collected over 12 months); at the end of the survey with other demographic measures
Questionnaire Item--Participants will report wether they have an Instagram account ("yes" or "no"); if "yes," they will be asked to indicate how much time per day they spend on Instagram.
During the single-session study (data collected over 12 months); at the end of the survey with other demographic measures
Closed-Ended Demographic Item of Body Height
Time Frame: During the single-session study (data collected over 12 months); at the end of the survey with other demographic measures
Questionnaire Item--Participants will report their height (feet/inches) to include in sample characteristics.
During the single-session study (data collected over 12 months); at the end of the survey with other demographic measures
Closed-Ended Demographic Item of Body Weight
Time Frame: During the single-session study (data collected over 12 months); at the end of the survey with other demographic measures
Questionnaire Item--Participants will report their weight (in pounds) to include in sample characteristics.
During the single-session study (data collected over 12 months); at the end of the survey with other demographic measures

Collaborators and Investigators

This is where you will find people and organizations involved with this study.

Sponsor

Sponsor

The organization or person who initiates the study and who has authority and control over the study.
Chapman University

Collaborators

Collaborators

An organization other than the sponsor that provides support for a clinical study. This support may include activities related to funding, design, implementation, data analysis, or reporting.
Ohio State University

Study record dates

These dates track the progress of study record and summary results submissions to ClinicalTrials.gov. Study records and reported results are reviewed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to make sure they meet specific quality control standards before being posted on the public website.

Study Major Dates

Study Start (Actual)

Study Start

The actual date on which the first participant was enrolled in a clinical study. The "anticipated" study start date is the date that the researchers think will be the study start date.
February 3, 2020

Primary Completion (Actual)

Primary Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention to collect final data for the primary outcome measure. Whether the clinical study ended according to the protocol or was terminated does not affect this date. For clinical studies with more than one primary outcome measure with different completion dates, this term refers to the date on which data collection is completed for all the primary outcome measures. The "anticipated" primary completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the primary completion date for the study.
April 4, 2020

Study Completion (Actual)

Study Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention/treatment to collect final data for the primary outcome measures, secondary outcome measures, and adverse events (that is, the last participant's last visit). The "anticipated" study completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the study completion date.
March 9, 2023

Study Registration Dates

First Submitted

First Submitted

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submitted a study record to ClinicalTrials.gov. There is typically a delay of a few days between the first submitted date and the record's availability on ClinicalTrials.gov (the first posted date).
January 28, 2020

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submits a study record that is consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. The sponsor or investigator may need to revise and submit a study record one or more times before NLM's QC review criteria are met. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
January 31, 2020

First Posted (Actual)

First Posted

The date on which the study record was first available on ClinicalTrials.gov after National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review has concluded. There is typically a delay of a few days between the date the study sponsor or investigator submitted the study record and the first posted date.
February 5, 2020

Study Record Updates

Last Update Posted (Actual)

Last Update Posted

The most recent date on which changes to a study record were made available on ClinicalTrials.gov. There may be a delay between when the changes were submitted to ClinicalTrials.gov by the study's sponsor or investigator (the last update submitted date) and the last update posted date.
June 24, 2024

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator submitted changes to a study record that are consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
June 21, 2024

Last Verified

Last Verified

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator confirmed the information about a clinical study on ClinicalTrials.gov as accurate and current. If a study with a recruitment status of recruiting; not yet recruiting; or active, not recruiting has not been confirmed within the past 2 years, the study's recruitment status is shown as unknown.
June 1, 2024

More Information

Terms related to this study

Other Study ID Numbers

Other Study ID Numbers

Identifiers or ID numbers other than the NCT number that are assigned to a clinical study by the study's sponsor, funders, or others. These numbers may include unique identifiers from other trial registries and National Institutes of Health grant numbers.
  • IRB-20-42

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?

UNDECIDED

Drug and device information, study documents

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product

No

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product

No

This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.

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