The Effect of a Single Training Session on Changes in Inflammatory, Hormonal, and Metabolic Markers in Athletes

August 11, 2026 updated by: Anna Kasperska, Poznan University of Physical Education
The study aims to assess the acute response of wrestlers to a single training session. Short-term changes in inflammatory, hormonal, and metabolic markers are analyzed to assess fatigue development and recovery following intense exercise. Participation in the study involves completing a standard training session and providing blood samples at three time points to assess the physiological response. The results provide a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying adaptation to exercise in competitive wrestlers.

Study Overview

Status

Status

Indicates the current recruitment status or the expanded access status.
Completed

Conditions

Conditions

The disease, disorder, syndrome, illness, or injury that is being studied. On ClinicalTrials.gov, conditions may also include other health-related issues, such as lifespan, quality of life, and health risks.

Intervention / Treatment

Intervention / Treatment

A process or action that is the focus of a clinical study. Interventions include drugs, medical devices, procedures, vaccines, and other products that are either investigational or already available. Interventions can also include noninvasive approaches, such as education or modifying diet and exercise.

Detailed Description

The study aims to assess how wrestlers' bodies respond to a single, intense training session. The study focuses on short-term changes in markers of inflammation, the hormonal system (stress hormones, catecholamines), and the metabolic system. This enables a deeper understanding of the physiological mechanisms underlying fatigue development and post-exercise recovery.

Each participant will attend one standard training session, as outlined in the training plan. As part of the study, three venous blood samples will be collected:

  • Before training - at rest, to determine baseline values;
  • Immediately after training;
  • 24 hours after exercise - to evaluate recovery processes.

Blood samples will be analyzed in the lab to determine:

  • inflammatory markers (hsCRP, IL-6, TNF-α),
  • muscle damage marker (CK),
  • stress hormones (adrenaline, noradrenaline, cortisol),
  • metabolic indicators (urea, creatinine, total protein, albumin, uric acid). The project does not require any additional supplementation, dietary changes, or modifications to the training plan.

Participating in the study will provide insights into each participant's individual response to intense exercise, including fatigue, inflammation, and hormonal balance. The results can help tailor training load more effectively and improve recovery.

Participation in the study is completely voluntary. Participants may withdraw from participation at any time, without giving a reason, without any consequences. Withdrawal from the study will not affect their subsequent athletic training. All data obtained during the study will be treated confidentially and processed solely for scientific purposes. Results will be compiled in aggregate form, preventing the identification of individual participants.

The study protocol was approved by the Bioethics Committee.

Study Type

Study Type

Describes the nature of a clinical study. Study types include interventional studies (also called clinical trials), observational studies (including patient registries), and expanded access.
Observational

Enrollment (Actual)

Enrollment

The number of participants in a clinical study. The "anticipated" enrollment is the target number of participants that the researchers need for the study.
5

Contacts and Locations

This section provides the contact details for those conducting the study, and information on where this study is being conducted.

Study Locations

  • Poland
      • Gorzów Wielkopolski, Poland, 66-400
        • Poznan University of Physical Education, Faculty of Sport Sciences in Gorzow Wielkopolski, Poland; Department of Biological Sciences.

Participation Criteria

Researchers look for people who fit a certain description, called eligibility criteria. Some examples of these criteria are a person's general health condition or prior treatments.

Eligibility Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

The key requirements that people who want to participate in a clinical study must meet or the characteristics they must have. Eligibility criteria consist of both inclusion criteria (which are required for a person to participate in the study) and exclusion criteria (which prevent a person from participating). Types of eligibility criteria include whether a study accepts healthy volunteers, has age or age group requirements, or is limited by sex.

Ages Eligible for Study

  • Child
  • Adult
  • Older Adult

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Yes

Sampling Method

Non-Probability Sample

Study Population

The study participants are athletes from a national-level sports club who were also members of the national team. All athletes have experience competing in international events. The group includes athletes who have won medals at both national and international competitions. Participants are wrestling athletes specializing in strength-endurance training and represent the top competitive level in their sport. The study aims to evaluate acute physiological responses to a single high-intensity training session in this highly specialized discipline.

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Currently engaged in regular strength-endurance wrestling training.
  • Medically cleared for high-intensity exercise by a sports physician.
  • Willingness to participate and provide written informed consent.
  • Availability to attend the training session and all blood sampling time points (pre-training, immediately post-training, 24 hours post-training).

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Presence of acute or chronic illness that may affect exercise performance or physiological response.
  • Recent musculoskeletal injury limiting participation in high-intensity training.
  • Use of medications or supplements that may interfere with hormonal, inflammatory, or metabolic markers.
  • History of endocrine disorders, adrenal insufficiency, or other conditions affecting catecholamine or cortisol levels.
  • Inability or unwillingness to comply with study procedures.

Study Plan

This section provides details of the study plan, including how the study is designed and what the study is measuring.

How is the study designed?

Design Details

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Primary Outcome Measures

In a clinical study's protocol, the planned outcome measure that is the most important for evaluating the effect of an intervention/treatment. Most clinical studies have one primary outcome measure, but some have more than one.
Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Concentration of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP)
Time Frame: 1. Before training (at rest), 2. Immediately after training, 3. 24 hours after exercise.
High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) concentration will be measured to assess the inflammatory response.
1. Before training (at rest), 2. Immediately after training, 3. 24 hours after exercise.
Concentration of creatine kinase (CK)
Time Frame: 1. Before training (at rest), 2. Immediately after training, 3. 24 hours after exercise.
Creatine kinase (CK) concentration will be measured as a biomarker of muscle damage and the physiological response to the training session.
1. Before training (at rest), 2. Immediately after training, 3. 24 hours after exercise.
Concentration of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α).
Time Frame: 1. Before training (at rest), 2. Immediately after training, 3. 24 hours after exercise.
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) concentration will be assessed as a marker of the inflammatory response to training.
1. Before training (at rest), 2. Immediately after training, 3. 24 hours after exercise.
Concentration of interleukin-6 (IL-6).
Time Frame: 1. Before training (at rest), 2. Immediately after training, 3. 24 hours after exercise.
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) concentration will be assessed as a marker of the inflammatory response to training.
1. Before training (at rest), 2. Immediately after training, 3. 24 hours after exercise.
Concentration of adrenaline
Time Frame: 1. Before training (at rest), 2. Immediately after training, 3. 24 hours after exercise.
Adrenaline concentration will be assessed as a marker of the acute sympathoadrenal response to training.
1. Before training (at rest), 2. Immediately after training, 3. 24 hours after exercise.
Concentration of noradrenaline
Time Frame: 1. Before training (at rest), 2. Immediately after training, 3. 24 hours after exercise.
Noradrenaline concentration will be assessed as a marker of the acute sympathoadrenal response to training.
1. Before training (at rest), 2. Immediately after training, 3. 24 hours after exercise.

Secondary Outcome Measures

Secondary Outcome Measures

In a clinical study's protocol, a planned outcome measure that is not as important as the primary outcome measure for evaluating the effect of an intervention but is still of interest. Most clinical studies have more than one secondary outcome measure.
Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Concentration of cortisol
Time Frame: 1. Before training (at rest), 2. Immediately after training, 3. 24 hours after exercise.
Cortisol concentration will be assessed as a marker of the acute neuroendocrine response to training.
1. Before training (at rest), 2. Immediately after training, 3. 24 hours after exercise.
Concentration of total protein.
Time Frame: 1. Before training (at rest), 2. Immediately after training, 3. 24 hours after exercise.
Total protein concentration will be assessed as a marker of changes in plasma protein status and hydration in response to training.
1. Before training (at rest), 2. Immediately after training, 3. 24 hours after exercise.
Concentration of urea.
Time Frame: 1. Before training (at rest), 2. Immediately after training, 3. 24 hours after exercise.
Urea concentration will be assessed as a marker of metabolic response and protein catabolism following training.
1. Before training (at rest), 2. Immediately after training, 3. 24 hours after exercise.
Concentration of albumin.
Time Frame: 1. Before training (at rest), 2. Immediately after training, 3. 24 hours after exercise.
Albumin concentration will be assessed as a marker of changes in plasma protein status in response to training.
1. Before training (at rest), 2. Immediately after training, 3. 24 hours after exercise.

Other Outcome Measures

Other Outcome Measures

For clinical trials, a planned measurement described in the protocol that is used to determine the effect of an intervention/treatment on participants. For observational studies, a measurement or observation that is used to describe patterns of diseases or traits, or associations with exposures, risk factors, or treatment. Types of outcome measures include primary outcome measure and secondary outcome measure.
Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Concentration of uric acid.
Time Frame: 1. Before training (at rest), 2. Immediately after training, 3. 24 hours after exercise.
Uric acid concentration will be assessed as a marker of purine metabolism and metabolic response to training.
1. Before training (at rest), 2. Immediately after training, 3. 24 hours after exercise.

Collaborators and Investigators

This is where you will find people and organizations involved with this study.

Sponsor

Sponsor

The organization or person who initiates the study and who has authority and control over the study.
Poznan University of Physical Education

Investigators

Investigators

A researcher involved in a clinical study. Related terms include site principal investigator, site sub-investigator, study chair, study director, and study principal investigator.
  • Principal Investigator: Anna Kasperska, PhD, Poznan University of Physical Education, Faculty of Sport Sciences in Gorzow Wielkopolski, Poland;

Study record dates

These dates track the progress of study record and summary results submissions to ClinicalTrials.gov. Study records and reported results are reviewed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to make sure they meet specific quality control standards before being posted on the public website.

Study Major Dates

Study Start (Actual)

Study Start

The actual date on which the first participant was enrolled in a clinical study. The "anticipated" study start date is the date that the researchers think will be the study start date.
February 1, 2014

Primary Completion (Actual)

Primary Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention to collect final data for the primary outcome measure. Whether the clinical study ended according to the protocol or was terminated does not affect this date. For clinical studies with more than one primary outcome measure with different completion dates, this term refers to the date on which data collection is completed for all the primary outcome measures. The "anticipated" primary completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the primary completion date for the study.
May 1, 2014

Study Completion (Actual)

Study Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention/treatment to collect final data for the primary outcome measures, secondary outcome measures, and adverse events (that is, the last participant's last visit). The "anticipated" study completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the study completion date.
June 1, 2014

Study Registration Dates

First Submitted

First Submitted

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submitted a study record to ClinicalTrials.gov. There is typically a delay of a few days between the first submitted date and the record's availability on ClinicalTrials.gov (the first posted date).
November 23, 2025

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submits a study record that is consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. The sponsor or investigator may need to revise and submit a study record one or more times before NLM's QC review criteria are met. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
November 23, 2025

First Posted (Actual)

First Posted

The date on which the study record was first available on ClinicalTrials.gov after National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review has concluded. There is typically a delay of a few days between the date the study sponsor or investigator submitted the study record and the first posted date.
December 4, 2025

Study Record Updates

Last Update Posted (Actual)

Last Update Posted

The most recent date on which changes to a study record were made available on ClinicalTrials.gov. There may be a delay between when the changes were submitted to ClinicalTrials.gov by the study's sponsor or investigator (the last update submitted date) and the last update posted date.
August 13, 2026

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator submitted changes to a study record that are consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
August 11, 2026

Last Verified

Last Verified

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator confirmed the information about a clinical study on ClinicalTrials.gov as accurate and current. If a study with a recruitment status of recruiting; not yet recruiting; or active, not recruiting has not been confirmed within the past 2 years, the study's recruitment status is shown as unknown.
August 1, 2026

More Information

Terms related to this study

Keywords

Additional Relevant MeSH Terms

Other Study ID Numbers

Other Study ID Numbers

Identifiers or ID numbers other than the NCT number that are assigned to a clinical study by the study's sponsor, funders, or others. These numbers may include unique identifiers from other trial registries and National Institutes of Health grant numbers.
  • AKS wrestlers

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?

NO

IPD Plan Description

IPD will not be shared to protect participant confidentiality and to meet ethical and legal standards regarding sensitive health and performance data.

Drug and device information, study documents

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product

No

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product

No

This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.

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