Multidimensional Predictors of Balance in Healthy Young Adults

February 25, 2026 updated by: Hatice Gül, Akdeniz University

Determinants of Static and Dynamic Balance in Healthy Young Adults: A Multidimensional Observational Study

Brief Summary (for ClinicalTrials.gov) This cross-sectional observational study aims to identify independent determinants of static and dynamic balance in healthy young adults using a multidimensional assessment framework. A total of 119 healthy participants (mean age 22.6 ± 1.5 years; 61.3% female) completed standardized static balance tests (Stork Balance Test and Tandem Stance Test under eyes-open and eyes-closed conditions) and a dynamic balance test (Y-Balance Test for right and left limbs). Candidate explanatory factors include foot posture (Foot Posture Index-6), body composition assessed by bioelectrical impedance analysis, general muscle strength (dominant hand grip strength), weight-bearing ankle dorsiflexion range of motion (knee-to-wall/weight-bearing lunge test), functional lower-limb strength (30-second sit-to-stand test), sex, and cognitive performance (Stroop Test Part 5). Multiple linear regression model (enter method) was used to determine which factors independently predict static and dynamic balance outcomes. Findings are expected to clarify which structural, functional, and cognitive variables most strongly contribute to balance performance in healthy young adults, informing targeted assessment and prevention strategies.

Study Overview

Status

Status

Indicates the current recruitment status or the expanded access status.
Completed

Conditions

Conditions

The disease, disorder, syndrome, illness, or injury that is being studied. On ClinicalTrials.gov, conditions may also include other health-related issues, such as lifespan, quality of life, and health risks.

Intervention / Treatment

Intervention / Treatment

A process or action that is the focus of a clinical study. Interventions include drugs, medical devices, procedures, vaccines, and other products that are either investigational or already available. Interventions can also include noninvasive approaches, such as education or modifying diet and exercise.

Study Type

Study Type

Describes the nature of a clinical study. Study types include interventional studies (also called clinical trials), observational studies (including patient registries), and expanded access.
Observational

Enrollment (Actual)

Enrollment

The number of participants in a clinical study. The "anticipated" enrollment is the target number of participants that the researchers need for the study.
119

Contacts and Locations

This section provides the contact details for those conducting the study, and information on where this study is being conducted.

Study Locations

  • Turkey (Türkiye)
    • Konyaaltı
      • Antalya, Konyaaltı, Turkey (Türkiye), 07070
        • Pamukkale University

Participation Criteria

Researchers look for people who fit a certain description, called eligibility criteria. Some examples of these criteria are a person's general health condition or prior treatments.

Eligibility Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

The key requirements that people who want to participate in a clinical study must meet or the characteristics they must have. Eligibility criteria consist of both inclusion criteria (which are required for a person to participate in the study) and exclusion criteria (which prevent a person from participating). Types of eligibility criteria include whether a study accepts healthy volunteers, has age or age group requirements, or is limited by sex.

Ages Eligible for Study

  • Adult

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Yes

Sampling Method

Non-Probability Sample

Study Population

The study population consists of 119 healthy young adults who were voluntarily enrolled (mean age 22.6 ± 1.5 years; 61.3% female).

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

  • age 18-30 years
  • absence of lower extremity
  • absence of vestibular pathology
  • willingness to participate.

Exclusion Criteria:

  • neurological or neuromuscular disorders
  • leg length discrepancy >5 mm
  • visual or auditory impairment
  • history of middle ear infection in the last 6 months
  • recent (<6 months) lower extremity injury
  • Having a fracture
  • Having surgery
  • Having tinnitus
  • Having a persistent headache
  • Current use of medications that may influence balance

Study Plan

This section provides details of the study plan, including how the study is designed and what the study is measuring.

How is the study designed?

Design Details

Cohorts and Interventions

Group / Cohort

Group / Cohort

A group or subgroup of participants in an observational study that is assessed for biomedical or health outcomes.
Intervention / Treatment

Intervention / Treatment

A process or action that is the focus of a clinical study. Interventions include drugs, medical devices, procedures, vaccines, and other products that are either investigational or already available. Interventions can also include noninvasive approaches, such as education or modifying diet and exercise.
Healthy participants
Diagnostic test: Participants did not receive any intervention as part of the study; they only underwent assessments.
Participants completed standardized static balance tests (Stork Balance Test and Tandem Stance Test under eyes-open and eyes-closed conditions) and dynamic balance assessments using the Y-Balance Test for both right and left limbs. In addition, the following measurements were obtained: foot posture (Foot Posture Index-6), body composition via bioelectrical impedance analysis, general muscle strength (dominant hand grip strength), weight-bearing ankle dorsiflexion range of motion (knee-to-wall/weight-bearing lunge test), functional lower-limb strength (30-second sit-to-stand test), sex, and cognitive performance (Stroop Test Part 5).

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Primary Outcome Measures

In a clinical study's protocol, the planned outcome measure that is the most important for evaluating the effect of an intervention/treatment. Most clinical studies have one primary outcome measure, but some have more than one.
Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Stork Balance Test (Eyes Open and Eyes Closed) Time
Time Frame: At a single study visit (baseline)
Time (seconds) maintained in the Stork Balance Test under eyes-open and eyes-closed conditions. Higher values indicate better static balance.
At a single study visit (baseline)
Tandem Stance Test (Eyes Open and Eyes Closed) Time
Time Frame: At a single study visit (baseline)
Time (seconds) maintained in the Tandem Stance Test under eyes-open and eyes-closed conditions. Higher values indicate better static balance.
At a single study visit (baseline)
Y-Balance Test Composite Score (Right and Left)
Time Frame: At a single study visit (baseline)
Y-Balance Test composite score (%) for the right and left lower limbs, calculated from reach distances and normalized to limb length. Higher values indicate better dynamic balance.
At a single study visit (baseline)

Secondary Outcome Measures

Secondary Outcome Measures

In a clinical study's protocol, a planned outcome measure that is not as important as the primary outcome measure for evaluating the effect of an intervention but is still of interest. Most clinical studies have more than one secondary outcome measure.
Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Foot Posture Index-6 (FPI-6)
Time Frame: Baseline (single assessment session)
Foot posture assessed using the Foot Posture Index-6. Outcome: total FPI-6 score (-12 to +12), with higher scores indicating a more pronated foot posture.
Baseline (single assessment session)
Knee-to-Wall Test (KTW)
Time Frame: Baseline (single assessment session)
Ankle mobility was assessed with the Knee-to-Wall Test (KTW). In this test, functional dorsiflexion flexibility was measured using a tape measure placed on the tip of the foot while the participant attempted to touch the wall with the knee without heel lift.
Baseline (single assessment session)
30-Second Sit-to-Stand Test
Time Frame: Baseline (single assessment session)
Number of full sit-to-stand repetitions completed in 30 seconds. Higher counts indicate better functional lower-limb strength/endurance.
Baseline (single assessment session)
Dominant Hand Grip Strength
Time Frame: Baseline (single assessment session)
General muscle strength was assessed via dominant hand grip strength measurement. Dominant hand grip strength measured using a hand dynamometer. Outcome: mean grip strength (kg) across three trials. Higher values indicate greater general muscle strength.
Baseline (single assessment session)
Stroop Test
Time Frame: Baseline (single assessment session)
Cognitive performance was tested with the Stroop Test-Part 5. In this section, participants were required to name the ink color of incongruent color words rather than reading the words. Completion time was recorded with a stopwatch.
Baseline (single assessment session)
Fat Mass (kilograms) measured by Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis
Time Frame: Baseline (single assessment session)
Fat mass is measured using bioelectrical impedance analysis (Tanita body composition analyzer) and reported in kilograms.
Baseline (single assessment session)
Skeletal Muscle Mass (kilograms) measured by Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis
Time Frame: Baseline (single assessment session)
Skeletal muscle mass is measured using bioelectrical impedance analysis (Tanita body composition analyzer) and reported in kilograms.
Baseline (single assessment session)
Bone Mass (kilograms) measured by Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis
Time Frame: Baseline (single assessment session)
Bone mass is measured using bioelectrical impedance analysis (Tanita body composition analyzer) and reported in kilograms.
Baseline (single assessment session)
Total Body Water (kilograms) measured by Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis
Time Frame: Baseline (single assessment session)
Total body water is measured using bioelectrical impedance analysis (Tanita body composition analyzer) and reported in kilograms.
Baseline (single assessment session)

Collaborators and Investigators

This is where you will find people and organizations involved with this study.

Sponsor

Sponsor

The organization or person who initiates the study and who has authority and control over the study.
Akdeniz University

Collaborators

Collaborators

An organization other than the sponsor that provides support for a clinical study. This support may include activities related to funding, design, implementation, data analysis, or reporting.
Pamukkale University
Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University

Study record dates

These dates track the progress of study record and summary results submissions to ClinicalTrials.gov. Study records and reported results are reviewed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to make sure they meet specific quality control standards before being posted on the public website.

Study Major Dates

Study Start (Actual)

Study Start

The actual date on which the first participant was enrolled in a clinical study. The "anticipated" study start date is the date that the researchers think will be the study start date.
September 25, 2025

Primary Completion (Actual)

Primary Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention to collect final data for the primary outcome measure. Whether the clinical study ended according to the protocol or was terminated does not affect this date. For clinical studies with more than one primary outcome measure with different completion dates, this term refers to the date on which data collection is completed for all the primary outcome measures. The "anticipated" primary completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the primary completion date for the study.
January 10, 2026

Study Completion (Actual)

Study Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention/treatment to collect final data for the primary outcome measures, secondary outcome measures, and adverse events (that is, the last participant's last visit). The "anticipated" study completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the study completion date.
January 10, 2026

Study Registration Dates

First Submitted

First Submitted

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submitted a study record to ClinicalTrials.gov. There is typically a delay of a few days between the first submitted date and the record's availability on ClinicalTrials.gov (the first posted date).
February 17, 2026

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submits a study record that is consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. The sponsor or investigator may need to revise and submit a study record one or more times before NLM's QC review criteria are met. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
February 22, 2026

First Posted (Actual)

First Posted

The date on which the study record was first available on ClinicalTrials.gov after National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review has concluded. There is typically a delay of a few days between the date the study sponsor or investigator submitted the study record and the first posted date.
February 27, 2026

Study Record Updates

Last Update Posted (Actual)

Last Update Posted

The most recent date on which changes to a study record were made available on ClinicalTrials.gov. There may be a delay between when the changes were submitted to ClinicalTrials.gov by the study's sponsor or investigator (the last update submitted date) and the last update posted date.
February 27, 2026

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator submitted changes to a study record that are consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
February 25, 2026

Last Verified

Last Verified

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator confirmed the information about a clinical study on ClinicalTrials.gov as accurate and current. If a study with a recruitment status of recruiting; not yet recruiting; or active, not recruiting has not been confirmed within the past 2 years, the study's recruitment status is shown as unknown.
February 1, 2026

More Information

Terms related to this study

Keywords

Other Study ID Numbers

Other Study ID Numbers

Identifiers or ID numbers other than the NCT number that are assigned to a clinical study by the study's sponsor, funders, or others. These numbers may include unique identifiers from other trial registries and National Institutes of Health grant numbers.
  • 09.09.2025/17

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?

NO

Drug and device information, study documents

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product

No

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product

No

This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.

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Sponsors and Collaborators

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Drug Interventions

Conditions

Rare Diseases

Drug Interventions

Dietary Supplements

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