Effects of CE on the Risk of Arteriosclerosis in SED Postmenopausal Women

April 20, 2026 updated by: Beijing Sport University

Effects of Combined Exercise on the Risk of Arteriosclerosis in Sedentary Postmenopausal Women

This study investigated the effects of three exercise modalities: aerobic exercise, resistance exercise, and combined exercise on the risk of arteriosclerosis in sedentary postmenopausal women.

Study Overview

Status

Status

Indicates the current recruitment status or the expanded access status.
Completed

Conditions

Conditions

The disease, disorder, syndrome, illness, or injury that is being studied. On ClinicalTrials.gov, conditions may also include other health-related issues, such as lifespan, quality of life, and health risks.

Intervention / Treatment

Intervention / Treatment

A process or action that is the focus of a clinical study. Interventions include drugs, medical devices, procedures, vaccines, and other products that are either investigational or already available. Interventions can also include noninvasive approaches, such as education or modifying diet and exercise.

Detailed Description

This study aims to compare the effects of different kinds of exercise on the risk of arteriosclerosis in sedentary postmenopausal women. Participants were recruited and randomly assigned to aerobic exercise, resistance exercise, combined exercise or control group. The intervention lasted for 12 weeks. Endothelial function indicators, chronic inflammation indicators, arteriosclerosis related indicators, blood pressure indicators were assessed before and after the intervention.

Study Type

Study Type

Describes the nature of a clinical study. Study types include interventional studies (also called clinical trials), observational studies (including patient registries), and expanded access.
Interventional

Enrollment (Actual)

Enrollment

The number of participants in a clinical study. The "anticipated" enrollment is the target number of participants that the researchers need for the study.
113

Phase

Phase

The stage of a clinical trial studying a drug or biological product, based on definitions developed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The phase is based on the study's objective, the number of participants, and other characteristics. There are five phases: Early Phase 1 (formerly listed as Phase 0), Phase 1, Phase 2, Phase 3, and Phase 4. Not Applicable is used to describe trials without FDA-defined phases, including trials of devices or behavioral interventions.
  • Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

This section provides the contact details for those conducting the study, and information on where this study is being conducted.

Study Locations

  • China
      • Beijing, China
        • School of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing Sport University

Participation Criteria

Researchers look for people who fit a certain description, called eligibility criteria. Some examples of these criteria are a person's general health condition or prior treatments.

Eligibility Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

The key requirements that people who want to participate in a clinical study must meet or the characteristics they must have. Eligibility criteria consist of both inclusion criteria (which are required for a person to participate in the study) and exclusion criteria (which prevent a person from participating). Types of eligibility criteria include whether a study accepts healthy volunteers, has age or age group requirements, or is limited by sex.

Ages Eligible for Study

  • Adult
  • Older Adult

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Yes

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Participants have been postmenopausal for more than 12 months and have not received any exogenous estrogen supplementation after menopause.
  • Participants were screened using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form (IPAQ-S), with a physical activity level classified as "low." They must not have engaged in moderate-intensity physical activity for at least 3 days per week, with a duration of no less than 30 minutes per day, for over 3 consecutive months.
  • Participants were screened using the Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire+ (PAR-Q+) and be deemed safe to undergo further intervention.

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Participants with acute or chronic musculoskeletal disorders, cardiovascular diseases, or similar conditions.
  • Participants with abnormal blood pressure: resting systolic blood pressure >140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure >90 mmHg, or those taking antihypertensive medications.
  • Participants with abnormally high arterial stiffness (within pathological range): brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) >1800 cm/s.
  • Participants recently taken medications that may affect blood indicators, such as hormones or anti-inflammatory drugs.
  • Participants with unstable body weight in the past 3 months (fluctuation greater than ±2.5 kg).
  • Participants currently participating in other intervention studies or those with regular exercise habits in daily life.
  • Participants who smoke or consume alcohol regularly.

Study Plan

This section provides details of the study plan, including how the study is designed and what the study is measuring.

How is the study designed?

Design Details

  • Primary Purpose: Prevention
  • Allocation: Randomized
  • Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
  • Masking: Single

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm

Participant Group / Arm

A group or subgroup of participants in a clinical trial that receives a specific intervention/treatment, or no intervention, according to the trial's protocol.
Intervention / Treatment

Intervention / Treatment

A process or action that is the focus of a clinical study. Interventions include drugs, medical devices, procedures, vaccines, and other products that are either investigational or already available. Interventions can also include noninvasive approaches, such as education or modifying diet and exercise.
Active Comparator: AE group
Behavioral: AE group
Aerobic exercise
Active Comparator: RE group
Behavioral: RE group
Resistance exercise
Active Comparator: CE group
Behavioral: CE group
Combined exercise
Active Comparator: CON group
Behavioral: ON group
No intervention

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Primary Outcome Measures

In a clinical study's protocol, the planned outcome measure that is the most important for evaluating the effect of an intervention/treatment. Most clinical studies have one primary outcome measure, but some have more than one.
Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Flow mediated dilation (FMD)
Time Frame: 12 weeks
The change of flow mediated dilation before and after intervention.
12 weeks
Brachial ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV)
Time Frame: 12 weeks
The change of baPWV before and after intervention.
12 weeks
Ankle brachial index (ABI)
Time Frame: 12 weeks
The change of ABI before and after intervention.
12 weeks
Carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT)
Time Frame: 12 weeks
The change of cIMT before and after intervention.
12 weeks
Systolic blood pressure (SBP)
Time Frame: 12 weeks
The change of SBP before and after intervention.
12 weeks
Diastolic blood pressure (DBP)
Time Frame: 12 weeks
The change of DBP before and after intervention.
12 weeks
Peak systolic velocity (PSV)
Time Frame: 12 weeks
The change of PSV of carotid artery before and after intervention.
12 weeks
End diastolic velocity (EDV)
Time Frame: 12 weeks
The change of EDV of carotid artery before and after intervention.
12 weeks
Pulsatility index (PI)
Time Frame: 12 weeks
The change of PI of carotid artery before and after intervention.
12 weeks
Resistance index (RI)
Time Frame: 12 weeks
The change of RI of carotid artery before and after intervention.
12 weeks
Wall Shear Stress (WSS)
Time Frame: 12 weeks
The change of WSS of carotid artery before and after intervention.
12 weeks

Secondary Outcome Measures

Secondary Outcome Measures

In a clinical study's protocol, a planned outcome measure that is not as important as the primary outcome measure for evaluating the effect of an intervention but is still of interest. Most clinical studies have more than one secondary outcome measure.
Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Nitric oxide (NO)
Time Frame: 12 weeks
The change of serum NO before and after intervention.
12 weeks
Prostacyclin (PGI2)
Time Frame: 12 weeks
The change of serum PGI2 before and after intervention.
12 weeks
Endothelin-1 (ET-1)
Time Frame: 12 weeks
The change of serum ET-1 before and after intervention.
12 weeks
Angiotensin II (AngII)
Time Frame: 12 weeks
The change of serum AngII before and after intervention.
12 weeks
C-Reactive protein (CRP)
Time Frame: 12 weeks
The change of serum CRP before and after intervention.
12 weeks
Interleukin-6 (IL-6)
Time Frame: 12 weeks
The change of serum IL-6 before and after intervention.
12 weeks
Estrogen
Time Frame: 12 weeks
The change of serum estrogen before and after intervention.
12 weeks
Soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1(sICAM-1)
Time Frame: 12 weeks
The change of serum sICAM-1 before and after intervention.
12 weeks
Soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1)
Time Frame: 12 weeks
The change of serum sVCAM-1 before and after intervention.
12 weeks
Total Cholesterol (TC)
Time Frame: 12 weeks
The change of serum TC before and after intervention.
12 weeks
High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C)
Time Frame: 12 weeks
The change of serum HDL-C before and after intervention.
12 weeks
Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C)
Time Frame: 12 weeks
The change of serum LDL-C before and after intervention.
12 weeks
Left ventricular posterior wall thickness at end-diastole (LVPWd)
Time Frame: 12 weeks
The change of LVPWd before and after intervention.
12 weeks
Left ventricular posterior wall thickness at end-systole (LVPWs)
Time Frame: 12 weeks
The change of LVPWs before and after intervention.
12 weeks
Stroke volume (SV)
Time Frame: 12 weeks
The change of SV before and after intervention.
12 weeks
Heart rate (HR)
Time Frame: 12 weeks
The change of HR before and after intervention.
12 weeks
Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF)
Time Frame: 12 weeks
The change of LVEF before and after intervention.
12 weeks
Cardiac output (CO)
Time Frame: 12 weeks
The change of CO before and after intervention.
12 weeks
Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase (eNOS)
Time Frame: 12 weeks
The change of serum eNOS before and after intervention.
12 weeks
Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max)
Time Frame: 12 weeks
The change of VO2max before and after intervention.
12 weeks
Body mass index (BMI)
Time Frame: 12 weeks
The change of BMI before and after intervention.
12 weeks
Body fat weight
Time Frame: 12 weeks
The change of body fat weight before and after intervention.
12 weeks
Body fat%
Time Frame: 12 weeks
The change of body fat% before and after intervention.
12 weeks
Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI)
Time Frame: 12 weeks
The change of PSQI before and after intervention.
12 weeks
Food frequency questionnaire (FFQ)
Time Frame: 12 weeks
The change of FFQ before and after intervention.
12 weeks
Cluster of Differentiation 14 (CD14) mRNA and Protein Expression
Time Frame: 12 weeks
The change of CD14 mRNA and Protein Expression before and after intervention.
12 weeks
Mitogen-activated protein kinase 14 (MAPK14) mRNA
Time Frame: 12 weeks
The change of MAPK14 mRNA before and after intervention.
12 weeks
p38 Mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) Protein Expression
Time Frame: 12 weeks
The change of p38 MAPK Protein Expression before and after intervention.
12 weeks
Tetraspanin 4 (TSPAN4) mRNA and Protein Expression
Time Frame: 12 weeks
The change of TSPAN4 mRNA and Protein Expression before and after intervention.
12 weeks
Nitric Oxide Synthase 3 (NOS3) mRNA and Protein Expression
Time Frame: 12 weeks
The change of NOS3 mRNA and Protein Expression before and after intervention.
12 weeks

Collaborators and Investigators

This is where you will find people and organizations involved with this study.

Sponsor

Sponsor

The organization or person who initiates the study and who has authority and control over the study.
Beijing Sport University

Study record dates

These dates track the progress of study record and summary results submissions to ClinicalTrials.gov. Study records and reported results are reviewed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to make sure they meet specific quality control standards before being posted on the public website.

Study Major Dates

Study Start (Actual)

Study Start

The actual date on which the first participant was enrolled in a clinical study. The "anticipated" study start date is the date that the researchers think will be the study start date.
February 15, 2025

Primary Completion (Actual)

Primary Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention to collect final data for the primary outcome measure. Whether the clinical study ended according to the protocol or was terminated does not affect this date. For clinical studies with more than one primary outcome measure with different completion dates, this term refers to the date on which data collection is completed for all the primary outcome measures. The "anticipated" primary completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the primary completion date for the study.
July 30, 2025

Study Completion (Actual)

Study Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention/treatment to collect final data for the primary outcome measures, secondary outcome measures, and adverse events (that is, the last participant's last visit). The "anticipated" study completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the study completion date.
December 30, 2025

Study Registration Dates

First Submitted

First Submitted

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submitted a study record to ClinicalTrials.gov. There is typically a delay of a few days between the first submitted date and the record's availability on ClinicalTrials.gov (the first posted date).
April 20, 2026

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submits a study record that is consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. The sponsor or investigator may need to revise and submit a study record one or more times before NLM's QC review criteria are met. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
April 20, 2026

First Posted (Actual)

First Posted

The date on which the study record was first available on ClinicalTrials.gov after National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review has concluded. There is typically a delay of a few days between the date the study sponsor or investigator submitted the study record and the first posted date.
April 24, 2026

Study Record Updates

Last Update Posted (Actual)

Last Update Posted

The most recent date on which changes to a study record were made available on ClinicalTrials.gov. There may be a delay between when the changes were submitted to ClinicalTrials.gov by the study's sponsor or investigator (the last update submitted date) and the last update posted date.
April 24, 2026

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator submitted changes to a study record that are consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
April 20, 2026

Last Verified

Last Verified

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator confirmed the information about a clinical study on ClinicalTrials.gov as accurate and current. If a study with a recruitment status of recruiting; not yet recruiting; or active, not recruiting has not been confirmed within the past 2 years, the study's recruitment status is shown as unknown.
May 1, 2025

More Information

Terms related to this study

Keywords

Additional Relevant MeSH Terms

Other Study ID Numbers

Other Study ID Numbers

Identifiers or ID numbers other than the NCT number that are assigned to a clinical study by the study's sponsor, funders, or others. These numbers may include unique identifiers from other trial registries and National Institutes of Health grant numbers.
  • EOCEOTROAISPW

Drug and device information, study documents

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product

No

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product

No

This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.

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