Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy Intervention to Treat Depression in Individuals With a Traumatic Brain Injury

A Multi-site, Randomized, Controlled Trial of a Mindfulness-based Cognitive Therapy Intervention for Treating Depression in a Traumatic Brain Injury Population.

The purpose of this study is to determine whether mindfulness-based cognitive therapy is effective in reducing depression symptoms in individuals who have experienced a traumatic brain injury.

The investigators hypothesize that participants who are given the ten-week intervention will have fewer depression symptoms than the participants in the control group, and this improvement will be maintained at the three-month follow-up assessment.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Depression; Traumatic Brain Injury
• Intervention / Treatment: Behavioral: MBCT for TBI

Detailed Description

Major depression is a significant chronic problem for people with traumatic brain injury (TBI), and its treatment is difficult. A promising approach to treat depression is mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT), a relatively new therapeutic approach rooted in mindfulness-based stress-reduction (MBSR) and cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT). This multi-site, randomized, controlled trial of a MBCT intervention will examine the value of this intervention in improving quality of life and decreasing depression in people with TBI. MBCT may represent a time-limited, cost-effective group intervention through which clinicians would have an opportunity to address some of the most debilitating aspects of TBI.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 105
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• Canada
  • Ontario
    • Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1H 8M2
      • Ottawa Hospital Rehabilitation Centre
    • Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada, P7B 5G7
      • St. Joseph's Care Group
    • Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5G 2A2
      • Toronto Rehabilitation Institute

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 years and older (ADULT, OLDER_ADULT)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No
• Genders Eligible for Study: All

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• traumatic brain injury suffered more than one year ago but less than five
• Evidence of depression post-traumatic brain injury (Beck Depression Inventory-II score of 16 or greater)
• Ability to speak and read English
• Age 18 or more

Exclusion Criteria:

• Inability to benefit from the intervention based a consensus process amongst study clinical psychologist and physicians, and from scores on memory and auditory attention (California Verbal Learning Test, Digit Span subsection of Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale); verbal fluency and executive functioning (Controlled Oral Word Association Test); verbal abstract reasoning (Similarities subsection of Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale); and executive functioning (Trail Making Test).
• Evidence of unusual psychological processes such as psychosis, suicidal ideation, substance abuse, or major concurrent mental illness (Beck Depression Inventory-II and Symptom Checklist-90-R will supplement the decision-making process of study clinicians).

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: TREATMENT
• Allocation: RANDOMIZED
• Interventional Model: CROSSOVER
• Masking: NONE

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
EXPERIMENTAL: MBCT Intervention Group; The curriculum of our mindfulness intervention draws upon elements from the mindfulness-based stress reduction program, and Segal and colleagues manual for mindfulness-based cognitive therapy. It was modified by one of the investigators to address issues associated with traumatic brain injury (e.g., problems with attention, concentration, memory, fatigue). The intervention was increased to ten weeks with one and a half hour weekly sessions, along with a 20-30 minute daily meditation home practice. Further adaptations included simplified language, the use of repetition to reinforce concepts, and visual aids. More attention was paid to fostering learning conditions to encourage an environment of trust and non-judgement. Connections between learning activities was also made more explicit.	Behavioral: MBCT for TBI; Subjects will participate in a 10-week Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy Program led by two trained facilitators. Weekly one-and-a-half hour group sessions will guide subjects through exercises such as meditation, awareness, and breathing techniques aimed at developing skills to help with tension, stress, anxiety and depression. Subjects will be encouraged to practice skills at home and in daily life.; Other Names: MBCT
NO_INTERVENTION: MBCT Control Group; Control group waited.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Beck Depression Inventory - II	The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) is a 21-question multiple-choice self-report inventory, one of the most widely used instruments for measuring the severity of depression. It assesses the intensity of depression into 4 categories ranging from minimal (scores from 0-13) to severe (scores from 29-63) (79). Each item is a list of four statements arranged in increasing severity about a particular symptom of depression. The depression criteria are consistent with those of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Health Disorders-Fourth Edition (DSM-IV). The cognitive-affective factor includes items concerning sadness, past failure, loss of pleasure, guilty feelings, punishment feelings, self-dislike, self-criticalness, suicidal thoughts or wishes, crying, agitation, loss of interest, worthlessness, and irritability. The somatic factor is comprised of loss of energy, changes in sleeping pattern, changes in appetite, concentration difficulty, and tiredness or fatigue.	Baseline data were collected prior to the intervention and post-intervention data were collected 10 weeks later.

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9)	The PHQ-9 is a self-administered questionnaire based on the PRIME-MD diagnostic instrument for common mental disorders. Each of the 9 DSM-IV criteria is scored on a four point Likert scale ranging from "0" (not at all) to "3" (nearly every day) with higher scores indicative of greater depression symptoms. Scores range from a low of 0 to a high of 27.	Baseline data were collected prior to the intervention and post-intervention data were collected 10 weeks later.
Symptom Checklist-90 Revised (Depression Subscale)	The Symptom Checklist-90 Revised (SCL-90-R) is a 90 item self-report questionnaire designed to measure nine primary symptom dimensions: somatization, obsessive-compulsive, interpersonal sensitivity, depression, anxiety, hostility, phobic anxiety, paranoid ideation, and psychoticism from the last two weeks from the current point in time. A five point Likert scale is used ranging from "Not at All" to "Extremely" with higher scores indicative of greater symptoms. There are 13 questions in the depression subscale with scores ranging between 0 and 52. To help with interpretation of all SCL-90-R sub-scales, we transformed this sub-scale total score back to a score between 0 to 4 with higher scores indicating greater depression symptoms.	Baseline data were collected prior to the intervention and post-intervention data were collected 10 weeks later.
Philadelphia Mindfulness Scale (Awareness Subscale)	The Philadelphia Mindfulness Scale (PHLMS) is a measure of mindfulness to assess present-moment awareness and acceptance. The questionnaire comprises 20 questions rated on a five-point Likert scale with higher scores indicative of greater mindfulness. It comprises two subscales - Awareness and Acceptance. The range of scores on the Awareness subscale is 10 to 50 and the range on the Acceptance subscale is 10 to 50 with higher scores indicative a greater awareness and acceptance respectively.	Baseline data were collected prior to the intervention and post-intervention data were collected 10 weeks later.
Philadelphia Mindfulness Scale (Acceptance Subscale)	The Philadelphia Mindfulness Scale (PHLMS) is a measure of mindfulness to assess present-moment awareness and acceptance. The questionnaire comprises 20 questions rated on a five-point Likert scale with higher scores indicative of greater mindfulness. It comprises two subscales - Awareness and Acceptance. The range of scores on the Awareness subscale is 10 to 50 and the range on the Acceptance subscale is 10 to 50 with higher scores indicative a greater awareness and acceptance respectively.	Baseline data were collected prior to the intervention and post-intervention data were collected 10 weeks later.

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Lakehead University
• Collaborators: Ontario Neurotrauma Foundation
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Michel Bédard, PhD, Lakehead University

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start: November 1, 2009
• Primary Completion (ACTUAL): May 1, 2012
• Study Completion (ACTUAL): May 1, 2012

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: September 2, 2008
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: September 2, 2008
• First Posted (ESTIMATE): September 3, 2008

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (ESTIMATE): March 28, 2014
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: February 27, 2014
• Last Verified: February 1, 2014

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: Depression; TBI; Traumatic Brain Injury; Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy; MBCT
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Behavioral Symptoms; Mental Disorders; Brain Diseases; Central Nervous System Diseases; Nervous System Diseases; Mood Disorders; Craniocerebral Trauma; Trauma, Nervous System; Depression; Depressive Disorder; Brain Injuries; Wounds and Injuries; Brain Injuries, Traumatic
• Other Study ID Numbers: ABI-MIND2-476