Granulocyte-Macrophage Stimulating Factor in the Treatment of Peripheral Arterial Disease (GPAD-2)

Granulocyte-Macrophage Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF) and Mobilization of Progenitor Cells in Peripheral Arterial Disease: A Phase II Randomized Study

Peripheral arterial disease is a common condition in older adults involving poor arterial circulation in the legs leading to leg pain and debility. The body's own circulating blood vessel stem cells may help to improve circulation. This study will test whether treatment with the drug granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) will improve symptoms and signs of peripheral arterial disease over placebo after four weeks of therapy. As well this study will examine whether improvements in blood vessel function can be observed. Finally, we will measure blood vessel function and stem cell levels in order to determine whether they can help to predict whether patients wither peripheral arterial disease will suffer further cardiovascular complications.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Peripheral Arterial Disease
• Intervention / Treatment: Drug: Granulocyte-Macrophage Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF); Drug: Placebo

Detailed Description

Peripheral artery disease (PAD) affects more than 8 million Americans. Although exercise, smoking cessation, anti-platelet therapy, cilostazol, statins and revascularization are used to treat PAD, men and women with PAD have significantly greater functional impairment and fasterfunctional decline than those without PAD. Stem and progenitor cell (PC) therapy that promotes neoangiogenesis is an emerging treatment modality in PAD. Progenitor cells, particularly those of endothelial origin, are involved in vascular repair and regeneration. They originate primarily but not exclusively from the bone marrow, differentiate into endothelial and other vascular cells, and contribute to neovascularization during tissue repair by direct and paracrine mechanisms. Endogenous, pharmacologically-stimulated, and exogenous PCs contribute to re-endothelialization and neovascularization. Granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) stimulate mobilization of hematopoietic and other PCs from the bone marrow.In the murine hind limb ischemia model, GM-CSF administered by injection or by plasmid transfer augments circulating levels of PCs, increases capillary density, and promotes arteriogenesis.GM-CSF also augments neo-endothelialization of denuded arteries, promotes proliferation, differentiation and survival of hematopoietic cells, monocytes and macrophages.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 159
• Phase: Phase 2

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• United States
  • Georgia
    • Atlanta, Georgia, United States, 30322
      • Emory University

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 21 years to 80 years (Adult, Older Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No
• Genders Eligible for Study: All

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• 160 males or post-menopausal females between 21 and 80 years of age. Female subjects must be (a) post-menopausal, (b) surgically sterile or (c) use adequate birth control and have a negative pregnancy test within 3 days prior to administration of study drug and should not be breastfeeding.
• Documented PAD (By Ankle-Brachial Indices or Angiographically)
• Clinically stable (at least 2 months) history of intermittent claudication with no change in symptom severity in the 2 months prior to screening.
• On stable statin therapy for previous 3 months.
• Peak Walking Time (PWT) between 1 and 12 minutes on a standardized Gardner treadmill protocol.
• A Doppler-derived ankle-brachial index (ABI) of < 0.85 in the symptomatic limb after 10 minutes of rest at screening. For subjects with an ABI of >1.3 (non-compressible arteries) a Toe-Brachial Index (TBI) of < 0.70 must be obtained for subject qualification, or if ABI is > 0.85 to 1.0 , and a reduction of 20% in ABI measured within 1 minute of treadmill testing.
• On appropriate and stable medical therapy for atherosclerosis for at least 2 months.
• Able to give informed consent.
• Diabetics with a dilated eye exam excluding proliferative retinopathy in the previous 12 months.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Recent or current active infections (treated with antibiotics).
• Recent (3 months) change in statin therapy
• Critical limb ischemia either chronic (category 3 and 4 of SVS classification) or acute ischemia manifested by rest pain, ulceration, or gangrene.
• Lower extremity vascular surgery, angioplasty or lumbar sympathectomy within 3 months of enrollment.
• Participation in a structured exercise treatment protocol within 3 months of enrollment.
• Prior myeloid cancer.
• Unstable angina, myocardial infarction, TIA, stroke or revascularization in the preceding 4 months.
• Severe heart failure (Class III or IV), heart muscle disease or atrial fibrillation.
• Limitation on exercise for symptoms other than intermittent claudication such as arthritis or dyspnea.
• Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus (defined as HbA1c > 10.0).
• Chronic renal disease (creatinine of >2.5 mg/dl) or hepatic disease (> 3 X elevations in AST and ALT).
• Ophthalmologic conditions associated with a neo-vascular response.
• Alcohol or drug abuse, or any other disease process that, in the opinion of the PI, will interfere with the ability of the patient to participate in the study.

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Treatment
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: Triple

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: GM-CSF; Subjects will receive GM-CSF 500μg (Sargramostim (Leukine), Sanofi Aventis) by a self-administered subcutaneous injection thrice weekly on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday for four weeks	Drug: Granulocyte-Macrophage Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF); 500 micrograms of GM-CSF; Other Names: GM-CSF, Leukine
Placebo Comparator: Placebo; Subjects will receive a saline injection (placebo) by a self-administered subcutaneous injection thrice weekly on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday for four weeks	Drug: Placebo; Saline injection

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Change in Peak Walking Time During Treadmill Exercise Tolerance Test From Baseline to 3 Months	Exercise Tolerance Test (ETT) was conducted using the Gardner protocol. Participants exercised on a treadmill, starting at 2.0 mph. The intensity of exercise (speed) was increased in grade of 2% every 2 minutes. Participants were asked to exercise until symptom limitation and the time measured in seconds from the ETT was used for data analysis.	Baseline, 3 months

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Change in Peak Walking Time During Treadmill Exercise Tolerance Test From Baseline to 6 Months	Exercise Tolerance Test (ETT) was conducted using the Gardner protocol. Participants exercised on a treadmill, starting at 2.0 mph. The intensity of exercise (speed) was increased in grade of 2% every 2 minutes. Participants were asked to exercise until symptom limitation and the time measured in seconds from the ETT was used for data analysis.	Baseline, 6 months
Change in Claudication Onset Time (COT) From Baseline to 3 Months	Claudication is pain, tired or weak feeling that occurs in the legs, usually during activity such as walking. The COT was measured as the time to onset of the participant's typical claudication as the maximum distance the patient could walk on the treadmill.	Baseline, 3 months
Change in Claudication Onset Time (COT) From Baseline to 6 Months	Claudication is pain, tired or weak feeling that occurs in the legs, usually during activity such as walking. The COT was measured as the time to onset of the participant's typical claudication as the maximum distance the patient could walk on the treadmill.	Baseline, 6 months
Change in Walking Distance Scores on Walking Impairment Questionnaire (WIQ) From Baseline to 3 Months	The WIQ quantifies walking difficulty on a 100-point scale, in which 0 indicates extreme difficulty and 100 indicates no difficulty with walking distance.	Baseline, 3 months
Change in Walking Distance Scores on Walking Impairment Questionnaire (WIQ) From Baseline to 6 Months	The WIQ quantifies walking difficulty on a 100-point scale, in which 0 indicates extreme difficulty and 100 indicates no difficulty with walking distance.	Baseline, 6 months
Change in Walking Speed Score on Walking Impairment Questionnaire (WIQ) From Baseline to 3 Months	The WIQ quantifies walking difficulty on a 100-point scale, in which 0 indicates extreme difficulty and 100 indicates no difficulty with walking speed.	Baseline, 3 months
Change in Walking Speed Score on Walking Impairment Questionnaire (WIQ) From Baseline to 6 Months	The WIQ quantifies walking difficulty on a 100-point scale, in which 0 indicates extreme difficulty and 100 indicates no difficulty with walking speed.	Baseline, 6 months
Change in Stair Climbing Score on Walking Impairment Questionnaire (WIQ) From Baseline to 3 Months	The WIQ quantifies walking difficulty on a 100-point scale, in which 0 indicates extreme difficulty and 100 indicates no difficulty with stair climbing elements.	Baseline, 3 months
Change in Stair Climbing Score on Walking Impairment Questionnaire (WIQ) From Baseline to 6 Months	The WIQ quantifies walking difficulty on a 100-point scale, in which 0 indicates extreme difficulty and 100 indicates no difficulty with stair climbing elements.	Baseline, 6 months
Change in Score on Physical Composite Score (PCS) Subscale of the Short Form 36 Health Survey (SF-36) From Baseline to 3 Months	The SF-36 is a standard quality of life instrument. The PCS represents the the physical burden on quality of life and is a summary of questions related to physical impact of a disease or condition (physical function, role physical, bodily pain, and general health). PCS is a summary measure derived from 8 scale score and the score ranges from 0-100; higher scores indicate better performance.	Baseline, 3 months
Change in Score on Physical Composite Score (PCS) Subscale of the Short Form 36 Health Survey (SF-36) From Baseline to 6 Months	The SF-36 is a standard quality of life instrument. The PCS represents the the physical burden on quality of life and is a summary of questions related to physical impact of a disease or condition (physical function, role physical, bodily pain, and general health). PCS is a summary measure derived from 8 scale score and the score ranges from 0-100; higher scores indicate better performance.	Baseline, 6 months
Change in Score on Mental Composite Score (MCS) Subscale of the Short Form 36 Health Survey (SF-36) From Baseline to 3 Months	The SF-36 is a standard quality of life instrument. The MCS represents the the mental burden on quality of life and is a summary of questions related to mental impact of a disease or condition (mental function, role emotional, vitality, and mental health). MCS is a summary measure derived from 8 scale score and the score ranges from 0-100; higher scores indicate better performance.	Baseline, 3 months
Change in Score on Mental Composite Score (MCS) Subscale of the Short Form 36 Health Survey (SF-36) From Baseline to 6 Months	The SF-36 is a standard quality of life instrument. The MCS represents the the mental burden on quality of life and is a summary of questions related to mental impact of a disease or condition (mental function, role emotional, vitality, and mental health). MCS is a summary measure derived from 8 scale score and the score ranges from 0-100; higher scores indicate better performance.	Baseline, 6 months
Change in Score on Physical Functioning Subscale of the Short Form 36 Health Survey (SF-36) From Baseline to 3 Months	The SF-36 is a standard quality of life instrument. The physical functioning represents limitations in physical activities because of health problems. Physical functioning is a summary measure derived from 8 scale scores and the score ranges from 0-100; higher scores indicate better performance.	Baseline, 3 months
Change in Score on Physical Functioning Subscale of the Short Form 36 Health Survey (SF-36) From Baseline to 6 Months	The SF-36 is a standard quality of life instrument. The physical functioning represents limitations in physical activities because of health problems. Physical functioning is a summary measure derived from 8 scale scores and the score ranges from 0-100; higher scores indicate better performance.	Baseline, 6 months

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Emory University
• Collaborators: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); National Institutes of Health (NIH)

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Poole J, Mavromatis K, Binongo JN, Khan A, Li Q, Khayata M, Rocco E, Topel M, Zhang X, Brown C, Corriere MA, Murrow J, Sher S, Clement S, Ashraf K, Rashed A, Kabbany T, Neuman R, Morris A, Ali A, Hayek S, Oshinski J, Yoon YS, Waller EK, Quyyumi AA. Effect of progenitor cell mobilization with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in patients with peripheral artery disease: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2013 Dec 25;310(24):2631-9. doi: 10.1001/jama.2013.282540.

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start: September 1, 2009
• Primary Completion (Actual): March 1, 2014

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: December 29, 2009
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: December 30, 2009
• First Posted (Estimate): December 31, 2009

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Estimate): December 23, 2014
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: December 12, 2014
• Last Verified: December 1, 2014

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: claudication
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Cardiovascular Diseases; Vascular Diseases; Arteriosclerosis; Arterial Occlusive Diseases; Atherosclerosis; Peripheral Arterial Disease; Peripheral Vascular Diseases; Physiological Effects of Drugs; Antineoplastic Agents; Immunologic Factors; Sargramostim; Molgramostim
• Other Study ID Numbers: IRB00030362; 1RC2HL101515-01 (U.S. NIH Grant/Contract)