Mechanism of Action of Vichy Catalan Water

Water consumption is essential to maintain hydration and good health. Sodium-bicarbonated mineral waters are reported to have beneficial digestive and hypocholesterolemic properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the consumption of a sodium-bicarbonated mineral water (BW) with or without a meal, compared to a low mineral content water as a control water (CW), on postprandial serum triacylglycerols (TAG), cholecystokinin (CCK), and gallbladder volume.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Cardiovascular Diseases
• Intervention / Treatment: Dietary supplement: Bicarbonated mineral water; Dietary supplement: Mineral water low in mineral content (control)

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 21
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• Spain
  • Madrid, Spain, 28040
    • Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN), Spanish National Research Council (CISC)

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 years to 40 years (Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: Yes
• Genders Eligible for Study: All

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Adult (>18 and <40 years)
• BMI >18 and <30 kg/m2

Exclusion Criteria:

• Age <18 and > 40 years
• TAG > 250 mg/dL (2.82 mmol/L)
• Being a usual consumer of carbonic mineral water
• Obesity
• Diabetes
• Hypertension or digestive, liver and renal disease
• Biliary obstruction
• Eating disorders
• Being under medication that could affect lipid metabolism
• Consumption of functional foods that could affect lipid metabolism (food containing n-3 fatty acids or phytosterols)

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Prevention
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Crossover Assignment
• Masking: Single

Number of Arms

4

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: BW; Bicarbonated mineral water without meal	Dietary supplement: Bicarbonated mineral water; Volunteers fasted overnight consumed: 0.5 L of the bicarbonated mineral water without meal or, 0.5 L of the bicarbonated mineral water with meal
Experimental: BW with meal; Bicarbonated mineral water with meal	Dietary supplement: Bicarbonated mineral water; Volunteers fasted overnight consumed: 0.5 L of the bicarbonated mineral water without meal or, 0.5 L of the bicarbonated mineral water with meal
Active Comparator: CW; Mineral water low in mineral content (control) without meal	Dietary supplement: Mineral water low in mineral content (control); Volunteers fasted overnight consumed: 0.5 L of the control water without meal or, 0.5 L of the control water with meal
Active Comparator: CW with meal; Mineral water low in mineral content (control) with a meal	Dietary supplement: Mineral water low in mineral content (control); Volunteers fasted overnight consumed: 0.5 L of the control water without meal or, 0.5 L of the control water with meal

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Time Frame
Serum triacylglycerols	Baseline
Serum triacylglycerols	Postprandial 30 minutes
Serum triacylglycerols	Postprandial 60 minutes
Serum triacylglycerols	Postprandial 120 minutes

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Time Frame
Serum glucose	Baseline
Serum glucose	Postprandial 30 minutes
Serum glucose	Postprandial time 60 minutes
Serum glucose	Postprandial time 120 minutes
Serum insulin	Baseline
Serum insulin	Postprandial 30 minutes
Serum insulin	Postprandial 60 minutes
Serum insulin	Postprandial 120 minutes
Cholecystokinin	Baseline
Cholecystokinin	Postprandial 30 minutes
Cholecystokinin	Postprandial 60 minutes
Cholecystokinin	Postprandial 120 minutes
Gallbladder volume	Baseline
Gallbladder volume	Postprandial 15 minutes
Gallbladder volume	Postprandial 30 minutes
Gallbladder volume	Postprandial 60 minutes
Gallbladder volume	Postprandial 120 minutes
Aldosterone	Baseline
Aldosterone	Postprandial 30 minutes
Aldosterone	Postprandial 60 minutes
Aldosterone	Postprandial 120 minutes

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: National Research Council, Spain
• Collaborators: Vichy Catalán, Spain
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: M Pilar Vaquero, Dr, National Research Council, Spain

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Schoppen S, Perez-Granados AM, Carbajal A, Oubina P, Sanchez-Muniz FJ, Gomez-Gerique JA, Vaquero MP. A sodium-rich carbonated mineral water reduces cardiovascular risk in postmenopausal women. J Nutr. 2004 May;134(5):1058-63. doi: 10.1093/jn/134.5.1058.
• Schoppen S, Perez-Granados AM, Carbajal A, de la Piedra C, Pilar Vaquero M. Bone remodelling is not affected by consumption of a sodium-rich carbonated mineral water in healthy postmenopausal women. Br J Nutr. 2005 Mar;93(3):339-44. doi: 10.1079/bjn20041332.
• Schoppen S, Perez-Granados AM, Carbajal A, Sarria B, Sanchez-Muniz FJ, Gomez-Gerique JA, Pilar Vaquero M. Sodium bicarbonated mineral water decreases postprandial lipaemia in postmenopausal women compared to a low mineral water. Br J Nutr. 2005 Oct;94(4):582-7. doi: 10.1079/bjn20051515.
• Schoppen S, Perez-Granados AM, Carbajal A, Sarria B, Navas-Carretero S, Pilar Vaquero M. Sodium-bicarbonated mineral water decreases aldosterone levels without affecting urinary excretion of bone minerals. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2008 Jun;59(4):347-55. doi: 10.1080/09637480701560308.
• Schoppen S, Sanchez-Muniz FJ, Perez-Granados M, Gomez-Gerique JA, Sarria B, Navas-Carretero S, Pilar Vaquero M. Does bicarbonated mineral water rich in sodium change insulin sensitivity of postmenopausal women? Nutr Hosp. 2007 Sep-Oct;22(5):538-44.
• Perez-Granados AM, Navas-Carretero S, Schoppen S, Vaquero MP. Reduction in cardiovascular risk by sodium-bicarbonated mineral water in moderately hypercholesterolemic young adults. J Nutr Biochem. 2010 Oct;21(10):948-53. doi: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2009.07.010. Epub 2009 Dec 1.
• Schoppen S, Perez-Granados AM, Navas-Carretero S, Vaquero MP. Postprandial lipaemia and endothelial adhesion molecules in pre- and postmenopausal Spanish women. Nutr Hosp. 2010 Mar-Apr;25(2):256-61.
• Toxqui L, Perez-Granados AM, Blanco-Rojo R, Vaquero MP. A sodium-bicarbonated mineral water reduces gallbladder emptying and postprandial lipaemia: a randomised four-way crossover study. Eur J Nutr. 2012 Aug;51(5):607-14. doi: 10.1007/s00394-011-0244-x. Epub 2011 Sep 13.
• Toxqui L, Pérez-Granados AM, Blanco-Rojo R, Vaquero MP. Effects of an alkaline mineral water on cholecystokinin levels and gallbladder emptying in young adults. Ann Nutr Metab 58(suppl 3):352-353,2011
• Toxqui L, Pérez-Granados AM, Blanco-Rojo R, Vaquero MP. Sodium-bicarbonated mineral water reduces postprandial lipaemia in moderately hypercholesterolaemic young adults. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 70 (OCE4):E245, 2011.
• Toxqui L, Vaquero MP. Aldosterone changes after consumption of a sodium-bicarbonated mineral water in humans. A four-way randomized controlled trial. J Physiol Biochem. 2016 Dec;72(4):635-641. doi: 10.1007/s13105-016-0502-8. Epub 2016 Jun 29.

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start: November 1, 2009
• Primary Completion (Actual): May 1, 2010
• Study Completion (Actual): July 1, 2010

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: April 12, 2011
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: April 12, 2011
• First Posted (Estimate): April 13, 2011

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Estimate): July 30, 2014
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: July 29, 2014
• Last Verified: April 1, 2011

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: Cardiovascular risk; Cholecystokinin; Lipid absorption; Gallbladder emptying; Postprandial triacylglycerols; Sodium-bicarbonated mineral water
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Cardiovascular Diseases
• Other Study ID Numbers: BW-09