Development of an Advisory System for Glycemic Control During the Menstrual Cycle in Patient With Type 1 Diabetes

This overall research goal will be to develop a mobile-based module to improve glycemic control during the menstrual cycle in women with Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). This module will run on an Android Operating System (OS) and will be available as: (i) a stand-alone application and (ii) an important additional component to a larger system, the Diabetes Assistant (DiAs) - a mobile-based medical platform for diabetes applications. This proposal aims to build one such application or module targeting the improvement of diabetes control in younger women who experience glucose variation related to their menstrual cycle.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

Detailed Description

The purpose of this particular protocol is to study the underlying glycemic variability across the menstrual cycle in women with T1DM. A subset of premenopausal women with T1DM experience loss of glucose control during the latter half of the cycle (the luteal phase). Clinical trials are sparse and tools are limited to focus on this aspect of diabetes care which is highly relevant in affected individuals. To obtain data to initialize this mobile-based module, we will enroll premenopausal women for approximately three-month outpatient study designed to characterize at least three complete menstrual cycles. These subjects will wear continuous glucose monitors (CGMs), record self-monitored blood glucoses (SMBGs) and utilize an insulin pump to capture insulin dosing. In-home ovulation kits will be used to determine relevant days for sex-steroid blood measurements to define menstrual cycle phases. Finally, structured at-home meals will be provided during different phases of the menstrual cycle for insulin action parameters assessments.

The software module will be developed in parallel with the data collection from study subjects. The software module will not be used with the patients in this study as it is not in existence as would be developed in parallel. The goal of the module functionality will be to 1) assist patients and providers in the identification and management of glycemic variability surrounding the menstrual cycle and 2) add value to and become an integral module within the artificial pancreas.

• Study Type: Observational
• Enrollment (Actual): 15

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• United States
  • Virginia
    • Charlottesville, Virginia, United States, 22904
      • University of Virginia Center for Diabetes Technology

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 years to 55 years (Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No
• Genders Eligible for Study: Female

• Sampling Method: Probability Sample

Study Population

Fifteen premenopausal women with menstrual cycles, 18-55 years of age, who have been diagnosed as type 1 diabetic for at least 2 years. Actively using a current insulin pump for the past 6 months with pre-defined parameters for glucose goal, carbohydrate ratio, and insulin sensitivity factor. Use of medication or intervention that significantly alters the menstrual cycle such as oral contraceptives, depoprovera, or intrauterine device (IUD)is prohibited.

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Premenopausal women with menstrual cycles that occur approximately every 20-40 days.
2. T1DM (as defined by the American Diabetes Association criteria or judgment of a physician) for at least 2 years prior to the enrollment in the study
3. Age ≥18 y.o. and ≤55 y.o.
4. Use of an insulin pump to treat their diabetes for at least 6 months.
5. Has an identified healthcare provider who can provide advice about diabetes care.
6. Actively using a current insulin pump with pre-defined parameters for glucose goal, carbohydrate ratio, and insulin sensitivity factor.
7. Willingness to do additional fingersticks when requested such as when CGM alarms at low or high end (<70 mg/dl or >300 mg/dl),
8. Willingness to come to Center for Diabetes Technology for study visits.
9. Willingness to avoid consumption of acetaminophen-containing products for the duration of the study.
10. Demonstration of proper mental status and cognition for completion of the study.
11. Hemoglobin A1c 5-10%

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Pregnant or intending to get pregnant during study
2. Active enrollment in another clinical trial
3. Medical requirement for acetaminophen-containing products during the study period for more than 1 week
4. Use of medication or intervention that significantly alters the menstrual cycle such as oral contraceptives, depoprovera, or intrauterine device (IUD).
5. Medical condition that would make operating a CGM or insulin pump difficult (e.g. blindness, severe arthritis, extensive scar tissue at sites where devices are inserted)
6. Anticipated need for Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)/Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) during the study. Unplanned MRI/MRA requiring temporary interruption of CGM use would be allowed.
7. Use of prednisone for more than 10 days during the study.
8. Uncontrolled thyroid disease
9. Clinical diagnosis of polycystic ovarian syndrome requiring treatment.
10. Significant elevation in liver function tests (e.g. >2-3 times normal), known infectious hepatitis or HIV.
11. History of a systemic deep tissue infection with methicillin-resistant staph aureus or Candida albicans
12. Known bleeding diathesis or dyscrasia
13. Active renal dialysis
14. Individuals with cognitive impairment that prevents understanding either consent form or intervention content
15. Psychiatric disorders that would interfere with study tasks (e.g., substance abuse)-self reported

List any restrictions on use of other drugs or treatments.

1. Acetaminophen with the use of the CGM.
2. Use of medication or intervention that significantly alters the menstrual cycle such as oral contraceptives, depoprovera, or IUD.
3. Anticipate need for MRI/MRA during the study. Unplanned MRI/MRA requiring temporary interruption of CGM use would be allowed.
4. Use of prednisone for more than 10 days during the study.

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
High Blood Glucose Index (HBGI)	Measure of Hyperglycemic Risk based on frequency and severity of hyperglycemic events. HBGI < 4.5 is associated with lower risk of hyperglycemia, 4.5 < HBGI < 9 is associated with a moderate risk of hyperglycemia and HBGI > 9 is associated with high risk of hyperglycemia. Our primary outcome measure is hyperglycemia risk during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. The primary hypothesis is there is an increased hyperglycemia risk during the luteal phase when compared to the follicular phase. Subjects will be compared to themselves across the three menstrual cycles captured. Hyperglycemia will be primarily assessed by high blood glucose index which was assessed over 3 menstrual cycles at specific time points in the cycle.	Three menstrual cycles (average length of one cycle was 28.7 days)

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Glycemic Changes During Luteal Phase	Changes in estrogen and progesterone will be primary drivers of hyperglycemia risk during the luteal phase. These data will be analyzed as continuous variables.	Three Menstrual Cycles

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: University of Virginia
• Collaborators: LifeScan
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Sue A. Brown, MD, University of Virginia

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start: August 1, 2012
• Primary Completion (Actual): June 1, 2013
• Study Completion (Actual): September 1, 2013

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: July 26, 2012
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: July 26, 2012
• First Posted (Estimate): July 30, 2012

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): April 8, 2020
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: March 29, 2020
• Last Verified: March 1, 2020

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: Insulin Pump; Continuous Glucose Monitor; Premenopausal women
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Glucose Metabolism Disorders; Metabolic Diseases; Immune System Diseases; Autoimmune Diseases; Endocrine System Diseases; Diabetes Mellitus; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
• Other Study ID Numbers: 16272

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: YES
• IPD Plan Description: Direct request of Principal Investigator.