- ICH GCP
- US Clinical Trials Registry
- Clinical Trial NCT01834261
Brain Dynamics of Oxytocin
Computational Modeling of Oxytocin in the Regulation of Trust
Oxytocin is a neuropeptide that is well known for its role in social and affiliative behavior in humans. Oxytocin receptors are significantly lowered in autistic individuals and administration of oxytocin has shown benefits in enhancing social recognition and behavior in autistic children. However, more recent research has refined the behavioral effects of oxytocin, moving away from the notion that the neuropeptide blindly induces love and trust, towards the view that it actually increases social perception in assessing friend vs. foe: supporting cohesion with 'insiders' and distrust and aggression for 'outsiders.' Oxytocin is responsible for the selective aggression shown by lactating female mammals protecting their young, an effect demonstrated also in humans, and has been shown to strengthen feelings of ethnocentrism. However, no neuroimaging study to date has investigated this effect, with the consequence that its neurobiological basis is still unknown.
The general aim of our study is to determine meso-circuit brain dynamics that underlie oxytocin's amplification of both trust and aggression; and specifically, using neuroimaging (fMRI, magnetoencephalography, and behavioral testing) whether oxytocin amplifies kinship bias by attenuating social reward learning.
Study Overview
Status
Conditions
Intervention / Treatment
Detailed Description
The purpose of the study is to understand how oxytocin affects brain and behavior. The study will compare Syntocinon Nasal Spray to placebo. The specific aims are to:
- Determine the default circuitry of oxytocin (OT).
- Determine time-course and gender differences for default neural response to OT.
- Using an iterative version of the classical neuroeconomic game (Trust Study), behaviorally test whether OT down-regulates reward learning, thereby enhancing the effects of kinship bias, to account for the polarizing effects (in which OT increases trust for 'in-groups' and increases aggression for 'out-groups').
- Identify the down-regulation of reward learning neurobiologically, via data-driven control systems modeling of the reward circuit using MRI (fMRI: time-series analysis of the orbitofrontal cortex, amygdala, anterior and posterior cingulate, and nucleus accumbens, and magnetic resonance spectroscopy: focusing on gamma-Aminobutyric acid neurotransmitters within the nucleus accumbens) and magnetoencephalography (focusing on the dynamics within the prefrontal cortex). FMRI and MRS will be conducted during the same MRI scan, while MEG will be conducted separately.
STUDY PROCEDURES:
Nasal Obstruction/Anosmia Screening: All potential subjects will be screened for total or partial anosmia and nasal congestion using the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (Psychological Assessment Resources, Lutz FL).
Pregnancy and Lactation Screening: Oxytocin is often used clinically to trigger labor in late-stage pregnancy. Although none of our subjects will be in late-stage pregnancy and subjects will be receiving dosages far smaller that those used to trigger labor, to be safe all potential female subjects will be urine screened for pregnancy immediately during the history and physical. Lactation screening will be performed via self-report, and is conducted to avoid confounds due to endogenously produced OT during the milk-ejection reflex.
Oxytocin/Placebo Procedures: Oxytocin intranasal spray is manufactured as the Syntocinon Nasal Spray. The typical dose oxytocin of for short-term intranasal use is 40IU, and has an expected half-life of 20 minutes. Placebos, identical in preparation except for the oxytocin component, will be administered in the same manner in a double blind procedure. To avoid bleed-through between conditions while controlling for order effects, sessions will not be mixed between drug and placebo conditions: each session, conducted on separate days, will be either 'drug' or 'placebo.'
Scanning Procedures: Scanning procedure for MRI will include: structural scan (6 minutes), fMRI or MRS resting state (10 minutes), and a neuroeconomic task scan (10 minutes). Scanning procedure for MEG will include: resting state (10 minutes), and a neuroeconomic task scan (20 minutes).
Behavioral Task: During scans, subjects will participate in an interactive neuroeconomic game, an iterative version of the classical "Trust Study". During this game, the subject ('investor') is first provided a sum of money. He then has the choice in terms of how much to invest in a fictional computer-generated trustee or, in forced-choice versions, to choose between different trustees. The trustee then sends some percentage back to the subject ('investor'), and the game iterates over many trials. Previous research has shown that OT disrupts participant's use of the optimal solution, eliciting greater "trust" in the trustee than would be expected by Nash Equilibrium. To modulate reward learning, algorithms for trustee behavior will be modulated towards greater and lesser generosity. To modulate kinship bias, trustees will be represented on the screen using faces of greater and lesser similarity to that of the subject, created using MorphMan video-editing software (STOIK Imaging, Moscow Russia).
Study Type
Enrollment (Actual)
Phase
- Phase 1
Contacts and Locations
Study Locations
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Massachusetts
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Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States, 02139
- Martinos Imaging Center at the McGovern Institute for Brain Research at MIT
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Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States, 02129
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Research, Building 149, 13th Street
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New York
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Stony Brook, New York, United States, 11794
- Bioengineering Building , Stony Brook University
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Participation Criteria
Eligibility Criteria
Ages Eligible for Study
Accepts Healthy Volunteers
Genders Eligible for Study
Description
Inclusion Criteria:
- 18-45 years of age
Exclusion Criteria:
- any significant known medical condition, including mental disorders (confounds interpretation of brain activity)
- metal in the body or claustrophobia (contraindicated for fMRI)
- current use of any type of psychotropic medication (confounds interpretation of brain activity)
- body mass index of greater than 30 (to permit matched dosing across subjects)
- pregnancy (contraindicated for OT)
- breastfeeding (lactation endogenously triggers OT, which would not permit a placebo condition)
- smoking (affects use of nasal spray)
- use of drugs of abuse (confounds interpretation of brain activity)
- blood pressure above the normal range (140/90 mm Hg) or controlled with medication (may theoretically increase risk for OT side-effects)
- anosmia (affects use of nasal spray)
Study Plan
How is the study designed?
Design Details
- Primary Purpose: Basic Science
- Allocation: Randomized
- Interventional Model: Crossover Assignment
- Masking: Quadruple
Arms and Interventions
Participant Group / Arm |
Intervention / Treatment |
---|---|
Active Comparator: Oxytocin
Healthy adult subjects will receive several puffs of Syntocinon Nasal Spray, 40IU, once, prior to MRI and/or MEG scanning.
|
Subjects will be scanned twice.
Prior to first brain scanning session, they will be randomly assigned to receive either Syntocinon or Placebo.
Prior to second scanning session, they will receive what they have not received in the first session; i.e., same subjects will be receiving both Syntocinon and placebo on two different days.
Subjects will be scanned twice.
Prior to first brain scanning session, they will be randomly assigned to receive either Syntocinon or Placebo.
Prior to second scanning session, they will receive what they have not received in the first session; i.e., same subjects will be receiving both Syntocinon and placebo on two different days.
|
Placebo Comparator: Placebo
Healthy adult subjects will receive several puffs of Syntocinon Placebo Formulation, 40IU, once, prior to MRI and/or MEG scanning.
|
Subjects will be scanned twice.
Prior to first brain scanning session, they will be randomly assigned to receive either Syntocinon or Placebo.
Prior to second scanning session, they will receive what they have not received in the first session; i.e., same subjects will be receiving both Syntocinon and placebo on two different days.
Subjects will be scanned twice.
Prior to first brain scanning session, they will be randomly assigned to receive either Syntocinon or Placebo.
Prior to second scanning session, they will receive what they have not received in the first session; i.e., same subjects will be receiving both Syntocinon and placebo on two different days.
|
What is the study measuring?
Primary Outcome Measures
Outcome Measure |
Measure Description |
Time Frame |
---|---|---|
Number of Benevolent Rounds
Time Frame: Immediately after completion of the study, for each subject.
|
This study recruited healthy adults.
Subjects participated in an interactive neuroeconomic game, an iterative version of the classical "Trust Study."
During this game, the subject ('investor') is first provided a sum of money (20 units).
He then has the choice in terms of how much to invest in a fictional computer-generated trustee.
The trustee then sends some percentage back to the subject ('investor'), and the game iterates over 20 trials (rounds).
We computed the investment ratio as the ratio of the actual investment and the maximum allowed amount of 20 units, and analogously for the repayment ratio.
Benevolent rounds were defined as those with increased investment ratios even after a decreased repayment ratio.
|
Immediately after completion of the study, for each subject.
|
Number of Malevolent Rounds
Time Frame: Immediately after completion of the study, for each subject.
|
This study recruited healthy adults.
Subjects participated in an interactive neuroeconomic game, an iterative version of the classical "Trust Study."
During this game, the subject ('investor') is first provided a sum of money (20 units).
He then has the choice in terms of how much to invest in a fictional computer-generated trustee.
The trustee then sends some percentage back to the subject ('investor'), and the game iterates over 20 trials (rounds).
We computed the investment ratio as the ratio of the actual investment and the maximum allowed amount of 20 units, and analogously for the repayment ratio.
Malevolent rounds were defined as those with decreased investment ratios even after an increased repayment ratio.
|
Immediately after completion of the study, for each subject.
|
Secondary Outcome Measures
Outcome Measure |
Measure Description |
Time Frame |
---|---|---|
Functional Connectivity Between OFC and AMY
Time Frame: Within two weeks of enrollment completion.
|
During functional scans, subjects participated in an interactive neuroeconomic game, an iterative version of the classical "Trust Study." Subjects participated in an interactive neuroeconomic game, an iterative version of the classical "Trust Study." During this game, the subject ('investor') is first provided a sum of money (20 units). He then has the choice in terms of how much to invest in a fictional computer-generated trustee. The trustee then sends some percentage back to the subject ('investor'), and the game iterates over 20 trials (rounds). Using Dynamical Causal Modeling (DCM) we modeled the dynamic interaction between amygdala (AMY), nucleus accumbens (NAcc) and the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). We observed altered connectivity strength between AMY and OFC under OT as compared to PL conditions. |
Within two weeks of enrollment completion.
|
Collaborators and Investigators
Sponsor
Collaborators
Investigators
- Principal Investigator: Lilianne Mujica-Parodi, PhD, Stony Brook University
Publications and helpful links
General Publications
- Guastella AJ, Einfeld SL, Gray KM, Rinehart NJ, Tonge BJ, Lambert TJ, Hickie IB. Intranasal oxytocin improves emotion recognition for youth with autism spectrum disorders. Biol Psychiatry. 2010 Apr 1;67(7):692-4. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.09.020. Epub 2009 Nov 7.
- Kosfeld M, Heinrichs M, Zak PJ, Fischbacher U, Fehr E. Oxytocin increases trust in humans. Nature. 2005 Jun 2;435(7042):673-6. doi: 10.1038/nature03701.
- MacDonald E, Dadds MR, Brennan JL, Williams K, Levy F, Cauchi AJ. A review of safety, side-effects and subjective reactions to intranasal oxytocin in human research. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2011 Sep;36(8):1114-26. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.02.015. Epub 2011 Mar 23.
- Singer T, Snozzi R, Bird G, Petrovic P, Silani G, Heinrichs M, Dolan RJ. Effects of oxytocin and prosocial behavior on brain responses to direct and vicariously experienced pain. Emotion. 2008 Dec;8(6):781-91. doi: 10.1037/a0014195.
- Averbeck BB. Oxytocin and the salience of social cues. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 May 18;107(20):9033-4. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1004892107. Epub 2010 May 6. No abstract available.
- Insel TR. The challenge of translation in social neuroscience: a review of oxytocin, vasopressin, and affiliative behavior. Neuron. 2010 Mar 25;65(6):768-79. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2010.03.005.
- Baumgartner T, Heinrichs M, Vonlanthen A, Fischbacher U, Fehr E. Oxytocin shapes the neural circuitry of trust and trust adaptation in humans. Neuron. 2008 May 22;58(4):639-50. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2008.04.009.
- Delgado MR. Fool me once, shame on you; fool me twice, shame on oxytocin. Neuron. 2008 May 22;58(4):470-1. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2008.05.005.
- Wermter AK, Kamp-Becker I, Hesse P, Schulte-Korne G, Strauch K, Remschmidt H. Evidence for the involvement of genetic variation in the oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) in the etiology of autistic disorders on high-functioning level. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2010 Mar 5;153B(2):629-639. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.b.31032.
- Park J, Willmott M, Vetuz G, Toye C, Kirley A, Hawi Z, Brookes KJ, Gill M, Kent L. Evidence that genetic variation in the oxytocin receptor (OXTR) gene influences social cognition in ADHD. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2010 May 30;34(4):697-702. doi: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.03.029. Epub 2010 Mar 27.
- Gregory SG, Connelly JJ, Towers AJ, Johnson J, Biscocho D, Markunas CA, Lintas C, Abramson RK, Wright HH, Ellis P, Langford CF, Worley G, Delong GR, Murphy SK, Cuccaro ML, Persico A, Pericak-Vance MA. Genomic and epigenetic evidence for oxytocin receptor deficiency in autism. BMC Med. 2009 Oct 22;7:62. doi: 10.1186/1741-7015-7-62.
- Andari E, Duhamel JR, Zalla T, Herbrecht E, Leboyer M, Sirigu A. Promoting social behavior with oxytocin in high-functioning autism spectrum disorders. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Mar 2;107(9):4389-94. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0910249107. Epub 2010 Feb 16.
- Rossignol DA. Novel and emerging treatments for autism spectrum disorders: a systematic review. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2009 Oct-Dec;21(4):213-36.
- Opar A. Search for potential autism treatments turns to 'trust hormone'. Nat Med. 2008 Apr;14(4):353. doi: 10.1038/nm0408-353. No abstract available.
- Bartz J, Simeon D, Hamilton H, Kim S, Crystal S, Braun A, Vicens V, Hollander E. Oxytocin can hinder trust and cooperation in borderline personality disorder. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci. 2011 Oct;6(5):556-63. doi: 10.1093/scan/nsq085. Epub 2010 Nov 29.
- Bartz JA, Zaki J, Ochsner KN, Bolger N, Kolevzon A, Ludwig N, Lydon JE. Effects of oxytocin on recollections of maternal care and closeness. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Dec 14;107(50):21371-5. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1012669107. Epub 2010 Nov 29.
- Hahn-Holbrook J, Holt-Lunstad J, Holbrook C, Coyne SM, Lawson ET. Maternal defense: breast feeding increases aggression by reducing stress. Psychol Sci. 2011 Oct;22(10):1288-95. doi: 10.1177/0956797611420729. Epub 2011 Aug 26.
- De Dreu CK, Greer LL, Van Kleef GA, Shalvi S, Handgraaf MJ. Oxytocin promotes human ethnocentrism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 Jan 25;108(4):1262-6. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1015316108. Epub 2011 Jan 10.
- Domes G, Lischke A, Berger C, Grossmann A, Hauenstein K, Heinrichs M, Herpertz SC. Effects of intranasal oxytocin on emotional face processing in women. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2010 Jan;35(1):83-93. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.06.016.
- Domes G, Heinrichs M, Glascher J, Buchel C, Braus DF, Herpertz SC. Oxytocin attenuates amygdala responses to emotional faces regardless of valence. Biol Psychiatry. 2007 Nov 15;62(10):1187-90. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.03.025. Epub 2007 Jul 9.
- Domes G, Heinrichs M, Michel A, Berger C, Herpertz SC. Oxytocin improves "mind-reading" in humans. Biol Psychiatry. 2007 Mar 15;61(6):731-3. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.07.015. Epub 2006 Nov 29.
- Dupont CP. Contact dermatitis in Dublin. Contact Dermatitis. 1979 Jan;5(1):61-2. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0536.1979.tb05548.x. No abstract available.
- Kirsch P, Esslinger C, Chen Q, Mier D, Lis S, Siddhanti S, Gruppe H, Mattay VS, Gallhofer B, Meyer-Lindenberg A. Oxytocin modulates neural circuitry for social cognition and fear in humans. J Neurosci. 2005 Dec 7;25(49):11489-93. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3984-05.2005.
- Petrovic P, Kalisch R, Singer T, Dolan RJ. Oxytocin attenuates affective evaluations of conditioned faces and amygdala activity. J Neurosci. 2008 Jun 25;28(26):6607-15. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4572-07.2008.
- Pincus D, Kose S, Arana A, Johnson K, Morgan PS, Borckardt J, Herbsman T, Hardaway F, George MS, Panksepp J, Nahas Z. Inverse effects of oxytocin on attributing mental activity to others in depressed and healthy subjects: a double-blind placebo controlled FMRI study. Front Psychiatry. 2010 Oct 12;1:134. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2010.00134. eCollection 2010.
Helpful Links
Study record dates
Study Major Dates
Study Start
Primary Completion (Actual)
Study Completion (Actual)
Study Registration Dates
First Submitted
First Submitted That Met QC Criteria
First Posted (Estimate)
Study Record Updates
Last Update Posted (Actual)
Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria
Last Verified
More Information
Terms related to this study
Keywords
Additional Relevant MeSH Terms
Other Study ID Numbers
- 293408
- N000141210393 (Other Grant/Funding Number: ONR)
This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.
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