Efficacy and Safety of IPTp-DP Versus IPTp-SP in Malawi (STOPMIP-MW)

A Prospective Randomized Open-Label Study on the Efficacy and Safety of Intermittent Preventive Treatment in Pregnancy (IPTp) With Dihydroartemisinin-Piperaquine (DP) Versus IPTp With Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine (SP) in Malawi

This study aims to compare the efficacy of monthly IPTp-DP with monthly IPTp-SP to determine if IPTp-DP is associated with a reduction in malaria infection at delivery among HIV-negative women in an area with high levels of SP resistance in Malawi.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Pregnancy; Malaria
• Intervention / Treatment: Drug: Sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine; Drug: dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine

Detailed Description

Problem to be studied Malaria in pregnancy (MiP) due to Plasmodium falciparum infection is a major cause of maternal morbidity and poor birth outcomes in malaria-endemic countries. Pregnant women are at increased risk of more frequent and severe malaria infections than non-pregnant women. Intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy (IPTp) with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP), which involves administration of treatment doses of SP at each antenatal visit in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy, at least one month apart, irrespective of malaria parasitemia, is currently recommended for all women, except HIV positive women taking daily cotrimoxazole prophylaxis, in areas with stable moderate to high transmission of malaria.

SP is the only drug currently used for IPTp. Due to increasing resistance to SP, it is no longer used as a treatment for symptomatic malaria, however, IPTp-SP remains effective even in areas where SP resistance in children under five (determined by in vivo efficacy studies) is up to 26%, and continues to be used for IPTp in countries where SP is no longer recommended to treat symptomatic malaria. However, IPTp-SP has become more controversial given recent data from northern Tanzania and Malawi that have demonstrated that at higher rates of resistance, IPTp-SP may no longer be effective.

Alternative drugs which could replace SP have been tested; mefloquine, azithromycin-chloroquine, and amodiaquine have been abandoned as options due to poor tolerability among pregnant women. Dihydroartemisinin-Piperaquine (DP) remains an attractive option because of the long half-life of piperaquine (PQ) and the demonstrated efficacy, safety, and tolerability in pregnancy. Recent studies in Kenya and Uganda using DP for IPTp demonstrated a significant reduction in the prevalence of malaria throughout pregnancy and at the time of delivery. However, there was not a clear benefit in terms of improved neonatal outcomes. Additional studies are therefore needed to determine the impact of switching from IPTp-SP to IPTp-DP.

Study aims Primary objectives To compare the efficacy of monthly IPTp-DP with monthly IPTp-SP to determine if IPTp-DP is associated with a reduction in malaria infection at delivery among HIV-negative women in an area with high levels of SP resistance in Malawi.

Secondary objectives

• To determine if IPTp-DP results in decreased fetal morbidity compared with IPTp-SP, where fetal morbidity is defined as the composite of any of the following: Preterm birth (< 37 weeks gestation), low birth weight (LBW) (< 2,500 grams), or small for gestational age (SGA).
• To evaluate the tolerability and safety of IPTp-DP in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy, including an assessment of cardiac risk, as measured by changes in QTc intervals from baseline with each successive dose.
• To compare the frequency of adverse events and fetal congenital malformations in IPTp-DP with IPTp-SP.
• To assess how SP and DP affect the maternal intestinal and vaginal microbiome.

Methodology Open-label, 2 arm randomized controlled superiority trial to compare the efficacy and safety of IPTp-DP to IPTp-SP in Malawi. The trial is designed to show a 60% decrease in malaria infection at delivery among HIV-negative women of all gravidity when IPTp-DP is used instead of IPTp-SP.

Expected findings and dissemination It is expected that in areas of high SP resistance, IPTp-DP will be superior to IPTp-SP in decreasing malaria infection at delivery. In addition, it is anticipated that DP will be well-tolerated among pregnant women and that fetal outcomes will be better than IPTp-SP.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 602
• Phase: Phase 3

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• Malawi
  • Liwonde, Malawi
    • Malaria Alert Center, University of Malawi College of Medicine

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 16 years and older (Child, Adult, Older Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No
• Genders Eligible for Study: Female

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Viable singleton pregnancy
• Gestational age ≤28 completed weeks (28 6/7) by fundal height/ultrasound
• Maternal age ≥16 years
• No history of IPTp use during this pregnancy
• Willing to participate and complete the study schedule, including laboratory studies and delivery in the labor ward of the study clinic or hospital
• Willing to sign or thumb print informed consent
• Resident of study area and intending to stay in the area for the duration of the follow-up
• HIV-negative at enrolment

Exclusion Criteria:

• HIV-positive or unknown
• Multiple gestation
• High-risk pregnancy, including any pre-existing illness likely to cause complication of pregnancy (hypertension, diabetes, asthma, epilepsy, renal disease, liver disease, fistula repair, leg or spine deformity)
• Severe anemia requiring blood transfusion (Hb <7.0 g/dL) at enrolment
• Known allergy or previous adverse reaction to any of the study drugs
• Previous inclusion in the same study
• Participating in other malaria intervention studies
• Known or suspected cardiac disease
• Corrected QT interval (QTcF) greater than 450 ms at baseline

• Patients taking any of the following drugs:

  • Antimicrobial agents of the following classes (systemic use only):

    • Macrolides (e.g. erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin, roxithromycin)
    • Fluoroquinolones (e.g., levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, sparfloxacin)
    • Pentamidine
  • Antiarrhythmic agents (e.g. amiodarone, sotalol)
  • Antihistamines (e.g. promethazine)
  • Antifungals (systemic): ketoconazole, fluconazole, itraconazole
  • Antiretrovirals: Saquinavir
  • Diuretics (e.g. hydrochlorothiazide, furosemide)
  • Antipsychotics (neuroleptics): haloperidol, thioridazine
  • Antidepressants: imipramine, citalopram, escitalopram
  • Antiemetics: domperidone, chlorpromazine, ondansetron

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Prevention
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: None (Open Label)

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Active Comparator: Sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine; Intermittent preventive treatment with Sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine: Monthly dose of 3 co-formulated tablets containing 500 mg sulfadoxine and 25 mg pyrimethamine	Drug: Sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine; 500 mg sulfadoxine and 25 mg pyrimethamine; Other Names: Fansidar
Experimental: dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine; Intermittent preventive treatment with dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine: Monthly course of daily doses of co-formulated DP tablets containing 40 mg dihydroartemisinin and 320 mg piperaquine, dosed based on the woman's weight, for 3 days: 24-35.9 kg: Two tablets; 36-59.9 kg: Three tablets; 60-79.9 kg: Four tablets; ≥80 kg: Five tablets	Drug: dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine; 40 mg dihydroartemisinin and 320 mg piperaquine

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Malaria infection at the time of delivery	The composite of peripheral and placental parasitemia, detected by placental histology, positive peripheral blood smear at the time of delivery, or positive rapid diagnostic test at the time of delivery	delivery
Fetal morbidity	Composite endpoint of fetal morbidity, defined as any of the following: Preterm birth (birth before 37 weeks gestation), Low-birth-weight (birth weight under 2,500 grams), Small for gestational age (SGA)	Delivery

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Electrocardiogram changes following the receipt of DP	QTc will be measured in a subset of women 4-6 hours after the 3rd dose of each course	4-6 hours after the 3rd dose with each course
Microbiome changes following receipt of DP or SP	We will measure the changes in the intestinal and vaginal microbiome induced by DP and SP	From date of randomization until the date of delivery or last date of follow-up, average of ~4-5 months
Maternal hemoglobin at 3rd trimester		3rd trimester
Maternal anemia at 3rd trimester		3rd trimester
Fetal anemia	Anemia/ hemoglobin measured from cord blood	Delivery
Incidence of clinical malaria episodes		From date of randomization until the date of delivery or last date of follow-up, average of ~4-5 months
Incidence of all cause sick visits		From date of randomization until the date of delivery or last date of follow-up, average of ~4-5 months
Serious adverse events		From date of randomization until the date of delivery or last date of follow-up, average of ~4-5 months

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Kamuzu University of Health Sciences
• Collaborators: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Julie Gutman, MD MSc, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Principal Investigator: Don P Mathanga, MBBS PhD, Malawi College of Medicine

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Andronescu LR, Sharma A, Peterson I, Kachingwe M, Kachepa W, Liang Y, Gutman JR, Mathanga DP, Chinkhumba J, Laufer MK. The Effect of Intermittent Preventive Treatment of Malaria During Pregnancy and Placental Malaria on Infant Risk of Malaria. J Infect Dis. 2022 Jan 18;225(2):248-256. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiab351.

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): January 17, 2017
• Primary Completion (Actual): October 24, 2018
• Study Completion (Actual): October 24, 2018

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: December 13, 2016
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: December 30, 2016
• First Posted (Estimate): January 4, 2017

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): July 26, 2021
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: July 22, 2021
• Last Verified: July 1, 2021

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: Pregnancy; Malaria; Intermittent preventive treatment; Malawi; dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine; sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Infections; Vector Borne Diseases; Parasitic Diseases; Protozoan Infections; Malaria; Molecular Mechanisms of Pharmacological Action; Anti-Infective Agents; Enzyme Inhibitors; Antiprotozoal Agents; Antiparasitic Agents; Antimalarials; Folic Acid Antagonists; Anti-Infective Agents, Urinary; Renal Agents; Pyrimethamine; Piperaquine; Sulfadoxine; Fanasil, pyrimethamine drug combination; Artenimol
• Other Study ID Numbers: MAC-P.02/16/1872

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: Yes
• IPD Plan Description: IPD will be shared with other researches upon submission and approval of a detailed request
• IPD Sharing Time Frame: January 2022
• IPD Sharing Access Criteria: IPD will be shared with other researches upon submission and approval of a detailed request
• IPD Sharing Supporting Information Type: Study Protocol; Statistical Analysis Plan (SAP)

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No