Prenatal Lactation-Focused Motivational Interviewing

Enhancing Breastfeeding Initiation, Exclusivity, and Duration: Effects of Prenatal Lactation-Focused Motivational Interviewing

Breastfeeding is good for the health of both mother and baby, but many women do not breastfeed, or do not breastfeed for as long as the participant would like. The purpose of this study is to compare two types of interventions on how each impacts breastfeeding. The interventions will be given during the third trimester of pregnancy, and the intervention is individual (i.e., one therapist and one participant). The first intervention is Motivational Interviewing, a type of counseling. The second intervention, or "control group," is education on how babies grow and develop. There general aims of this study are to compare women in the Motivational Interviewing group and control group on how the participants plan to feed the babies, how much the participants learn about and the participants opinions about breastfeeding, and how much the participants learn about how babies grow and develop. In addition, the groups will be compared as to whether the participants start breastfeeding, and how the participants are feeding the baby when the baby is one month old.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Breast Feeding; Maternal Behavior; Infant Behavior; Lactation Puerperal Increased
• Intervention / Treatment: Behavioral: Motivational Interviewing; Behavioral: Psychoeducation Control

Detailed Description

1. Recruitment efforts will be made in the community via advertisements, online advertisements (e.g., Craigslist, Facebook), and in-person at various clinics and health fairs in the geographic area.
2. Prospective participants will contact the investigators via email or by calling the study phone number listed on the advertisements or verbally expressing interest in-person.
3. Once a participant indicates interest by contacting study personnel, a 5-minute screening interview will be conducted with the prospective participant using the screening questionnaire to ensure eligibility criteria are met. For those who do not qualify or agree to participate, the age and reason for non-qualification or declination to participate will be recorded; any other data will be destroyed by shredding or electronic shredding. For those who do qualify, name and contact information will be kept confidential and maintained in a locked room.
4. Participants will be asked to rate on a scale of -10 to +10 about the certainty that the participants will provide exclusive breastmilk to the babies for first six months. Responses from this item will be used as the covariate in the covariate adaptive randomization technique.
5. Eligible subjects will be invited to participate in the study, either in an exam room at West Virginia University's Family Medicine's clinic, participant's home, private room in the Quin Curtis Center for Psychological Services, or in another agreed-upon community location (e.g., church). The location of the study procedures is chosen by the participant.
6. At the start of this session, participants will be given an overview of the study, and the researcher will go over the consent form with the participant.
7. Following consent procedures, video-recording will begin, and all participants will complete the prenatal interview. After this interview, participants will complete five self-report measures, which include the Infant Feeding Knowledge Form, the Iowa Infant Feeding Attitudes Scale, Brief Breastfeeding Attitudes Questions, Perinatal Anxiety Screening Scale, and the Knowledge of Infant Development Inventory.

8. Intervention

   1. Participants assigned to the MI condition will receive an approximately 45 minute intervention provided a masters-level supervised psychologist with training in Motivational Interviewing.
   2. Participants who have been randomly assigned to participate in the attention-control group session will receive approximately 45 minutes of psychoeducation on typical developmental stages and infant feeding methods.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 81
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• United States
  • West Virginia
    • Morgantown, West Virginia, United States, 26505
      • West Virginia University

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 years to 99 years (Adult, Older Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No
• Genders Eligible for Study: Female

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Age 18 years or older
2. Female
3. Pregnant
4. At least 27 weeks pregnant
5. Able to read, write, speak, and understand English
6. Has access to a phone (either mobile or landline)
7. Lives within driving distance of Morgantown, WV, or is willing to travel to a location that is within driving distance to Morgantown, WV

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Multiple pregnancy
2. Within one week of due date

3. Has any of the following conditions:

   • Developmental or intellectual disability
   • Schizophrenia
   • Untreated, active tuberculosis
   • Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
   • Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I or type II
   • History of lumpectomy or radiation to breast

4. Uses or is dependent upon any of the following substances (Moretti, Lee, & Ito, 2000):

   • Heroin
   • Cocaine
   • Methamphetamines
   • Marijuana
   • Phencyclidine (PCP)
   • Non-prescription opioids (e.g., morphine, oxycodone, hydrocodone)

5. Undergoing any of the following medications/treatments (American Academy of Pediatrics, 2001):

   • Antiretrovirals
   • Cancer chemotherapy (e.g., antimetabolites)
   • Radiation therapy
   • Acebutolol
   • Atenolol
   • Bromocriptine
   • Aspirin (salicylates)
   • Ergotamine
   • Lithium
   • Phenobarbital
   • Primidone
   • Sulfasalazine (salicylazosulfapyridine)

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Treatment
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: None (Open Label)

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: Motivational Interviewing; Participants assigned to the Motivational Interviewing condition will receive an approximately 45 (± 5) minute intervention provided by a female masters-level supervised psychologist with training in Motivational Interviewing.	Behavioral: Motivational Interviewing; Motivational Interviewing (MI) is a psychosocial intervention designed to help individuals increase readiness for behavior change by increasing intrinsic motivation and resolving ambivalence. MI founders MI conversations help clients change behavior through identifying and resolving discrepancies between goal behaviors and actual behaviors. Behavior change is promoted through the elicitation of "change talk," or client-verbalized arguments for change. In MI, change talk is elicited through two major components: the therapeutic relationship, or the embodiment of the "spirit" of MI, and technical skill.
Active Comparator: Psychoeducation Control; Participants who have been randomly assigned to participate in the attention-control group session will receive approximately 45 (± 5) minutes of psychoeducation on typical developmental stages and infant feeding methods. The psychoeducation will be provided by a female masters-level supervised psychologist.	Behavioral: Psychoeducation Control; Psychoeducation on infant development, age 0-15 months, brief education on breastfeeding.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Time Frame
Breastfeeding status at 1 month postpartum, participant self-report via telephone interview	1 month

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Confidence (scale of 0-10)	Participant self-report of confidence in breastfeeding, scale of 0-10	1 day
Importance (scale of 0-10)	Participant self-report of importance of breastfeeding, scale of 0-10	1 day
Knowledge of breastfeeding-Breastfeeding Knowledge Questionnaire (survey)		1 day
Attitudes towards breastfeeding- Iowa Infant Feeding Attitudes Scale (survey)		1 day
Knowledge of infant development- Knowledge of Infant Development Inventory (survey)		1 day
Intention to breastfeed Self-reported intention to breastfeed at prenatal time point		1 day
Initiation Whether participant initiated breastfeeding, participant self-report via telephone interview		1 month

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: West Virginia University
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Daniel W McNeil, PHD, West Virginia University

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start: September 1, 2016
• Primary Completion (Actual): June 7, 2019
• Study Completion (Actual): June 7, 2019

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: January 18, 2017
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: January 25, 2017
• First Posted (Estimate): January 26, 2017

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): October 27, 2022
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: October 24, 2022
• Last Verified: October 1, 2022

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: motivational interviewing; breast feeding
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Skin Diseases; Breast Diseases; Pregnancy Complications; Puerperal Disorders; Lactation Disorders; Galactorrhea
• Other Study ID Numbers: 1605123038

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: Undecided
• IPD Plan Description: Data will be available upon request to the PI (Daniel McNeil, PhD) upon completion of the study, by emailing dmcneil@wvu.edu AND sehayes@mix.wvu.edu