- ICH GCP
- US Clinical Trials Registry
- Clinical Trial NCT03092817
Adjunctive Corticosteroids for Tuberculous Meningitis in HIV-infected Adults (The ACT HIV Trial)
A Randomized Double Blind Placebo Controlled Trial of Adjunctive Dexamethasone for the Treatment of HIV-infected Adults With Tuberculous Meningitis
Study Overview
Status
Intervention / Treatment
Detailed Description
Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes ~9 million new cases of tuberculosis and ~1.5 million deaths annually, around 0.4 million of whom are co-infected with HIV. Tuberculous meningitis (TBM) is the most severe form of tuberculosis, killing around 30% of all sufferers despite appropriate anti-tuberculosis chemotherapy. It is especially common in young children, and in those infected with HIV.
There is a longstanding hypothesis that death from TBM results from an excessive intracerebral inflammatory response. The corollary of this hypothesis has been that adjunctive anti-inflammatory treatment with corticosteroids (e.g. dexamethasone) improves survival, which has been demonstrated in predominantly HIV-uninfected individuals in a small number of trials. Yet how corticosteroids improve survival, and whether they do so in HIV-infected patients, remains uncertain. The primary objective of this trial is to determine whether or not adjunctive corticosteroids reduce deaths from TBM in HIV-infected adults.
Adjunctive dexamethasone might improve outcomes from HIV-associated TBM by diverse mechanisms. First, it may control the early intracerebral inflammatory response, reducing cerebral oedema and intra-cranial pressure. Second, it may prevent the potentially life-threatening complications of hydrocephalus, infarction and tuberculoma formation. Third, it may prevent the incidence of anti-retroviral (ARV) treatment-associated neurological immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS). Finally, dexamethasone may help reduce the risk of drug-induced liver injury and thereby improve outcome by enabling uninterrupted anti-tuberculosis treatment.
The current evidence-base for using adjunctive corticosteroids for the treatment of HIV-associated TBM is restricted to 98 adults recruited to a trial in Vietnam published in 2004. This trial randomized a total of 545 subjects (98 of them HIV-positive) and reported an overall reduction in 9-month mortality due to dexamethasone from 41.3% (112/271) to 31.8% (87/274) (hazard ratio of time to death 0.69; 95% CI 0.52-0.92, P=0.01). While there was no clear evidence of treatment effect heterogeneity according to HIV status, the number of included HIV-infected subjects was low and the observed benefit in that subgroup was smaller: 61.4% (27/44) in the dexamethasone group died, compared to 68.5% (37/54) in the placebo group (hazard ratio of time to death 0.86; 95% CI 0.52-1.41; P=0.55).
There are limited data from HIV-infected patients with TBM treated with dexamethasone, but findings from studies using corticosteroids in HIV-infected individuals with other forms of tuberculosis and other opportunistic infections suggest corticosteroids may cause harm in those with advanced HIV infection. There is evidence that corticosteroids may increase the risk of HIV-associated malignancies, especially Kaposi sarcoma. Furthermore, a recent trial of adjunctive dexamethasone for HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis performed in Southeast Asia and Africa found dexamethasone was associated with worse outcomes, with increased risk of secondary infections, hyperglycaemia and electrolyte abnormalities, and disability.
On the basis of these limited data most international guidelines cautiously recommend dexamethasone should be given for HIV-associated TBM, but all acknowledge the paucity of evidence and the need for additional controlled trial data. Our trial will meet the need for more data and aims to provide definitive evidence as to the risk/benefit of adjunctive dexamethasone in the treatment of this important and very severe disease.
Our secondary objective is to investigate alternative management strategies in a subset of patients who develop drug-induced liver injury that will enable the safe continuation of rifampicin and isoniazid therapy whenever possible. The investigators will perform an open, randomised comparison of three management strategies with the aim of demonstrating which strategy results in the least interruption in R and H treatment. All patients enrolled in the trial will be eligible to take part in this study, with the exception of those known to have TBM caused by isoniazid resistant or MDR M. tuberculosis. Consent will be sought at enrolment, with an option given to patients to enrol in the main study, but not the 'drug-induced liver injury strategy study'.
Eligible patients will be randomised to one of three strategies:
- Observe: measure transaminases, bilirubin, and INR every 3 days; do not change/stop anti-tuberculosis drugs unless transaminases rise to ≥10x normal, or total bilirubin rises >2.0mg/dl (>34 µmol/L), or INR >1.5 or symptoms of hepatitis worsen (nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain), in which case go to Strategy 3.
- Stop Pyrazinamide (Z) alone. Observe, measuring transaminases, bilirubin, and INR every 3 days. If transaminases do not fall to < 5x ULN by day 5, or total bilirubin rises >2.0mg/dl (>34 µmol/L), or INR >1.5 or symptoms of hepatitis worsen at any time (nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain), go to Strategy 3.
- Current standard of care (the current USA CDC guidelines): stop rifampicin (R), isoniazid (H) and Z immediately and add levofloxacin and an aminoglycoside to ethambutol. Restart R (at full dose) once transaminases are <2X ULN and no hepatitis symptoms. If no increase in transaminases after 7 days add isoniazid (at full dose) and stop levofloxacin and aminoglycoside. If transaminases remain normal on full dose R and H, Z was the likely cause and it should not be re-started and treatment duration should be extended to ≥12 months. If transaminases rise ≥ 5x ULN, or ≥3x ULN with symptoms, at any time after re-introduction of R and/or H the physician should stop R and/or H (depending on which was associated with the transaminase rise). If neither R or H can be used, treat with levofloxacin, an aminoglycoside and ethambutol. If R can be used, but not H, treat with R, levofloxacin and ethambutol. If H can be used, but not R, treat with H, levofloxacin and ethambutol.
The primary endpoint is the proportion of time in the 60 days following randomisation during which neither rifampicin nor isoniazid are given (or the subject is dead). For example, if RH is interrupted for 18 days and the participant dies 48 days after randomization, the endpoint will be 50% [(18+(60-48))/60]. Rifampicin and isoniazid are considered critical drugs in early TBM treatment; inability to use these agents (either through bacterial resistance or patient intolerance) is associated with poor outcome. The vast majority of interruptions are expected to be shorter than one month for strategy 3 (standard of care) but as management strategies 1 and 2 delay the time point of the interruption, a longer cut-off of 60 days was chosen.
Study Type
Enrollment (Actual)
Phase
- Phase 3
Contacts and Locations
Study Locations
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Jakarta, Indonesia
- Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital
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Jakarta, Indonesia
- Eijkman-Oxford Clinical Research Unit
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Jakarta, Indonesia
- RSUP Persahabatan Hospital
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Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases
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Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit
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Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Pham Ngoc Thach Hospital
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Participation Criteria
Eligibility Criteria
Ages Eligible for Study
Accepts Healthy Volunteers
Description
Inclusion Criteria:
- Adult (18 years or older)
- HIV-infected
- Clinical diagnosis of TBM (≥5 days of meningitis symptoms, and CSF abnormalities) and anti-tuberculosis chemotherapy either planned or started by the attending physician
Note: Published diagnostic criteria will be applied to all enrolled participants at the end of the study when all mycobacterial culture results are available. The criteria will sub-divide all cases into definite, probable and possible TBM, and those with an alternative diagnosis.
Exclusion Criteria:
- An additional brain infection (other than TBM) confirmed or suspected: positive CSF Gram or India Ink stain; positive blood or CSF Cryptococcal antigen test; cerebral toxoplasmosis suspected and attending physician wants to give anti-toxoplasmosis treatment with anti-tuberculosis treatment
- More than 6 consecutive days of two or more drugs active against M. tuberculosis immediately before screening
- More than 3 consecutive days of any type of orally or intravenously administered corticosteroid immediately before randomisation
- Dexamethasone considered mandatory for any reason by the attending physician
- Dexamethasone considered to be contraindicated for any reason by the attending physician
- Previously been randomised into the trial for a prior episode of TBM
- Lack of consent from the participant or family member (if the participant is incapacitated by the disease)
Study Plan
How is the study designed?
Design Details
- Primary Purpose: Treatment
- Allocation: Randomized
- Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
- Masking: Double
Arms and Interventions
Participant Group / Arm |
Intervention / Treatment |
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Active Comparator: Dexamethasone
standard anti-tuberculosis drugs plus dexamethasone for 6-8 weeks
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Active treatment with dexamethasone from randomisation (IV followed by oral according to disease severity at the start of treatment): dexamethasone for intravenous injection and dexamethasone for oral ingestion
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Placebo Comparator: Identical placebo
standard anti-tuberculosis drugs plus placebo for 6-8 weeks
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Treatment with matched placebo: Standard saline for intravenous injection and placebo oral tablets containing cellulose |
What is the study measuring?
Primary Outcome Measures
Outcome Measure |
Measure Description |
Time Frame |
---|---|---|
Overall survival until 12 months after randomisation
Time Frame: 12 months from randomisation
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The primary endpoint is overall survival, i.e. the time from randomization to death, during a follow-up period of 12 months.
Survivors known to be alive at 12 months will be censored at that time-point and subjects who withdrew or were lost to follow-up before 12 months will be censored at the date they were last known to be alive.
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12 months from randomisation
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Secondary Outcome Measures
Outcome Measure |
Measure Description |
Time Frame |
---|---|---|
Neurological disability at 12 months (modified Rankin score)
Time Frame: at 12 months
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Neurological disability will be assessed by the modified Rankin score (see below) on months 3, 6, 9, 12, 18 and 24 from randomisation. The main endpoint is the 12 month assessment and subjects who died before 12 months will be treated as having a score of 6 ('Dead'). The Modified Rankin Scale Score Description 0 No symptoms
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at 12 months
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Time to new neurological event (defined as a fall in GCS of ≥2 points for ≥48 hours, new focal neurological sign, or new onset of seizures) or death by 12 months
Time Frame: by 12 months
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A neurological event is defined as a fall in Glasgow coma score by ≥2 points for ≥2 days from the highest previously recorded Glasgow coma score (including baseline) or the onset of any of the following clinical adverse events: cerebellar symptoms, focal neurological signs, or onset of seizures.
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by 12 months
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Rate of neurological IRIS events up to 6 months from randomisation
Time Frame: 6 months from randomisation
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The rate is defined as the number of IRIS events divided by the observed person-time of follow-up in each treatment group.
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6 months from randomisation
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Time to new AIDS-defining illness or death by 12 months
Time Frame: by 12 months
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AIDS-defining illnesses will be defined as per the WHO classification.
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by 12 months
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Serious adverse events by 12 months
Time Frame: by 12 months
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Comparison of the frequency of serious adverse events between treatment groups will form an important part of the study analysis.
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by 12 months
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HIV-associated malignancy by 12 months
Time Frame: by 12 months
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The three major HIV-associated malignancies are Kaposi sarcoma, high grade B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma and invasive cervical cancer.
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by 12 months
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Overall survival
Time Frame: by 24 months
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The main analysis of this trial will be performed at the time point where all randomized subjects have completed 12 months of follow-up.
However, all participants will continue to be followed up for 24 months and overall survival will be reported once 24 month follow-up has been completed for all participants.
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by 24 months
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Neurological disability
Time Frame: by 24 months
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The main analysis of this trial will be performed at the time point where all randomized subjects have completed 12 months of follow-up.
However, all participants will continue to be followed up for 24 months and neurological disability will be reported once 24 month follow-up has been completed for all participants.
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by 24 months
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Time to new AIDS defining event or death
Time Frame: by 24 months
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The main analysis of this trial will be performed at the time point where all randomized subjects have completed 12 months of follow-up.
However, all participants will continue to be followed up for 24 months and this outcome will be reported once 24 month follow-up has been completed for all participants.
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by 24 months
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Rate of HIV-related malignancy
Time Frame: by 24 months
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The main analysis of this trial will be performed at the time point where all randomized subjects have completed 12 months of follow-up.
However, all participants will continue to be followed up for 24 months and this outcome will be reported once 24 month follow-up has been completed for all participants.
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by 24 months
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Recurrence of TBM within 24 months of follow-up
Time Frame: 24 months
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This outcome will be reported once 24 month follow-up has been completed for all participants.
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24 months
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Collaborators and Investigators
Collaborators
Investigators
- Principal Investigator: Guy Thwaites, MD, University of Oxford, UK
Publications and helpful links
General Publications
- Meintjes G, Wilkinson RJ, Morroni C, Pepper DJ, Rebe K, Rangaka MX, Oni T, Maartens G. Randomized placebo-controlled trial of prednisone for paradoxical tuberculosis-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. AIDS. 2010 Sep 24;24(15):2381-90. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0b013e32833dfc68.
- Meintjes G, Lawn SD, Scano F, Maartens G, French MA, Worodria W, Elliott JH, Murdoch D, Wilkinson RJ, Seyler C, John L, van der Loeff MS, Reiss P, Lynen L, Janoff EN, Gilks C, Colebunders R; International Network for the Study of HIV-associated IRIS. Tuberculosis-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome: case definitions for use in resource-limited settings. Lancet Infect Dis. 2008 Aug;8(8):516-23. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(08)70184-1.
- Blanc FX, Sok T, Laureillard D, Borand L, Rekacewicz C, Nerrienet E, Madec Y, Marcy O, Chan S, Prak N, Kim C, Lak KK, Hak C, Dim B, Sin CI, Sun S, Guillard B, Sar B, Vong S, Fernandez M, Fox L, Delfraissy JF, Goldfeld AE; CAMELIA (ANRS 1295-CIPRA KH001) Study Team. Earlier versus later start of antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected adults with tuberculosis. N Engl J Med. 2011 Oct 20;365(16):1471-81. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1013911.
- Havlir DV, Kendall MA, Ive P, Kumwenda J, Swindells S, Qasba SS, Luetkemeyer AF, Hogg E, Rooney JF, Wu X, Hosseinipour MC, Lalloo U, Veloso VG, Some FF, Kumarasamy N, Padayatchi N, Santos BR, Reid S, Hakim J, Mohapi L, Mugyenyi P, Sanchez J, Lama JR, Pape JW, Sanchez A, Asmelash A, Moko E, Sawe F, Andersen J, Sanne I; AIDS Clinical Trials Group Study A5221. Timing of antiretroviral therapy for HIV-1 infection and tuberculosis. N Engl J Med. 2011 Oct 20;365(16):1482-91. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1013607.
- Thwaites GE, van Toorn R, Schoeman J. Tuberculous meningitis: more questions, still too few answers. Lancet Neurol. 2013 Oct;12(10):999-1010. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(13)70168-6. Epub 2013 Aug 23.
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- Thwaites GE. Advances in the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculous meningitis. Curr Opin Neurol. 2013 Jun;26(3):295-300. doi: 10.1097/WCO.0b013e3283602814.
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- Heemskerk AD, Bang ND, Mai NT, Chau TT, Phu NH, Loc PP, Chau NV, Hien TT, Dung NH, Lan NT, Lan NH, Lan NN, Phong le T, Vien NN, Hien NQ, Yen NT, Ha DT, Day JN, Caws M, Merson L, Thinh TT, Wolbers M, Thwaites GE, Farrar JJ. Intensified Antituberculosis Therapy in Adults with Tuberculous Meningitis. N Engl J Med. 2016 Jan 14;374(2):124-34. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1507062.
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- Thwaites GE, Lan NT, Dung NH, Quy HT, Oanh DT, Thoa NT, Hien NQ, Thuc NT, Hai NN, Bang ND, Lan NN, Duc NH, Tuan VN, Hiep CH, Chau TT, Mai PP, Dung NT, Stepniewska K, White NJ, Hien TT, Farrar JJ. Effect of antituberculosis drug resistance on response to treatment and outcome in adults with tuberculous meningitis. J Infect Dis. 2005 Jul 1;192(1):79-88. doi: 10.1086/430616. Epub 2005 May 20.
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- Abdool Karim SS, Naidoo K, Grobler A, Padayatchi N, Baxter C, Gray AL, Gengiah T, Gengiah S, Naidoo A, Jithoo N, Nair G, El-Sadr WM, Friedland G, Abdool Karim Q. Integration of antiretroviral therapy with tuberculosis treatment. N Engl J Med. 2011 Oct 20;365(16):1492-501. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1014181.
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- Simmons CP, Thwaites GE, Quyen NT, Chau TT, Mai PP, Dung NT, Stepniewska K, White NJ, Hien TT, Farrar J. The clinical benefit of adjunctive dexamethasone in tuberculous meningitis is not associated with measurable attenuation of peripheral or local immune responses. J Immunol. 2005 Jul 1;175(1):579-90. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.1.579.
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Study record dates
Study Major Dates
Study Start (Actual)
Primary Completion (Actual)
Study Completion (Actual)
Study Registration Dates
First Submitted
First Submitted That Met QC Criteria
First Posted (Actual)
Study Record Updates
Last Update Posted (Actual)
Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria
Last Verified
More Information
Terms related to this study
Keywords
Additional Relevant MeSH Terms
- Chemically-Induced Disorders
- Digestive System Diseases
- Central Nervous System Diseases
- Nervous System Diseases
- Infections
- Liver Diseases
- Central Nervous System Infections
- Bacterial Infections
- Bacterial Infections and Mycoses
- Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections
- Actinomycetales Infections
- Mycobacterium Infections
- Meningitis, Bacterial
- Central Nervous System Bacterial Infections
- Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
- Poisoning
- Tuberculosis, Central Nervous System
- Neuroinflammatory Diseases
- Tuberculosis, Extrapulmonary
- Tuberculosis
- Meningitis
- Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury
- Tuberculosis, Meningeal
- Physiological Effects of Drugs
- Autonomic Agents
- Peripheral Nervous System Agents
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents
- Antineoplastic Agents
- Antiemetics
- Gastrointestinal Agents
- Glucocorticoids
- Hormones
- Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists
- Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal
- Dexamethasone
Other Study ID Numbers
- 26TB
Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)
Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?
IPD Plan Description
Drug and device information, study documents
Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product
Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product
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