- ICH GCP
- US Clinical Trials Registry
- Clinical Trial NCT03109431
Stepped Care for Youth Living With HIV
Optimizing the HIV Treatment Continuum With a Stepped Care Model for Youth Living With HIV
Study Overview
Status
Intervention / Treatment
Detailed Description
Viral suppression requires linkage and retention in care, as well as ARV adherence. These are key steps on the HIV Treatment Continuum. Youth Living with HIV (YLH) are far less likely to link or be retained in care, compared to adults. Only 36%-62% of YLH who know their serostatus are linked to medical care within 12 months of diagnosis. Young people are also more likely to drop out from care than adults 25+ years old. Among one sample was YLH (atypically 72% female), initial ARV adherence of 69%; but by one year, ARV adherence was negligible, because only 30% were retained in care. In one ATN study, of YLH, ARV adherence appeared to be about 50%. Originally an undetectable viral load was expected to require 95% ARV adherence. However rates as low as 70% may lead to viral suppression.
In this study, our primary outcome measure will be having a suppressed viral load (i.e., VL< 200) at each four month assessment for 12 months. Viral suppression typically requires adherence to ARV for 24 weeks until an undetectable viral load is achieved. There are many interpersonal and logistical barriers to retaining YLH in care and on ARV consistently. ARV adherence is related to the patient-provider relationship and to perceived side effects, the prescribed regimen, ease of getting ARV refills and a number of personal factors. Medication regimens are becoming much easier, as one pill a day is now one of the most highly used regimens. Unfortunately, the problem behaviors that lead to acquisition of HIV by YLH are factors which are consistently related to low adherence. Low adherence for both YLH and adults living with HIV is associated with younger age, depression, substance abuse and homelessness. Each of these challenges characterizes the lives of the YLH. The interventions proposed focus a great deal on problem-solving, automated messages, and monitoring of these comorbid conditions, so that ARV adherence is not derailed.
This study has a comprehensive retention plan to retain YLH. This plan will be particularly relevant to YLH nationally, who face challenges of homelessness, mental health problems, school-job issues, contact with criminal justice system and risks within their sexual partnerships, in addition to their seropositive HIV status. YLH are likely to deal with coming out as gay, bisexual or transgender, have substantial family conflict, to have abused drugs, may barter sex in order to survive and have a history of mental health problems or disorders. Studies of ARV adherence and retention in care have consistently found depression and the types of life challenges young people are experiencing to be directly related to engagement, retention and adherence to care over time. If the investigators fail to address these comorbid issues with YLH, they expect YLH to fail at achieving viral suppression.
Our Stepped Care approach aims to address these issues with increasingly intensive interventions, based on individual YLH's needs. While addressing comorbid issues may be more costly, it may have substantial saving in the YLH's lowered probability of transmitting HIV.
Stepped Care has been used as an intervention strategy with other chronic diseases and mental health disorders; the investigators believe this will be the first evaluation of stepped care with YLH. The Stepped Care model is a cost-effective and patient-centered approach for achieving better treatment outcomes for chronic illnesses. Under the Stepped Care model, simpler interventions are tried first with more intensive interventions reserved for those who do not benefit from the simple first-line treatments. Stepped Care might be an efficient method of delivering successfully more intensive interventions based on the YLH's behavior. If at any assessment (past a 12 month period when ARV initiated), a YLH in the Stepped Care condition demonstrates an unsuppressed viral load, the next level of intervention is triggered. The strategy typically makes best use of available resources for allocating resources to patients. Rather than everyone getting the same intervention, the dose and type of intervention is linked to outcomes.
An Automated Messaging and Monitoring (AMMI) is being proposed as the Enhanced Standard Care and the Level 1 of the Stepped Care Intervention. Both daily text messages, which aim to motivate, inform and encourage usage of care, and weekly probes regarding YLH's risk behaviors have been repeatedly linked to outcomes for a variety of conditions and populations. The investigators will tailor and adapt pre-existing libraries of theoretically-based messages that have been found successful in other RCTs with populations similar to this study - adults with HIV, transgender women, methamphetamine-using men who have sex with men (MSM) - for the YLH in this study. This is included with the Enhanced Standard Care condition as implementing an AMMI intervention is low-cost and easily scalable.
Level 2 of the Stepped Care Intervention will be electronically-based peer support, plus AMMI tailored to the YLH. Positive relationships are the second major dimension related to retention in care and adherence to ARV medications. Reviews of peer support among persons living with HIV, aimed at reducing stress, demonstrate peer support to be a critical intervention component. Peer support will be delivered through online, private social media groups. YLH will be incentivized to participate in online, private social media groups (i.e., posting and responding to topics) for period(s) of 4 months.
Peer Support will be offered by fellow participants and/or Youth Advisory Board members that have been trained in basic information on HIV, STI, drug use, mental health, homelessness, and stigma; using social media to create wall posts and use chat functions; and, how to initiate conversations on sensitive topics. By posting and responding to messages, Peer Supporters will encourage and broadly guide conversation related to the HIV Treatment Continuum, and other relevant topics. Coaches and Project Coordinators will be available to provide factual information (as needed), and remove inappropriate content.
Coaching - Level 3 - is the most intensive strategy for securing viral suppression and ARV adherence among YLH. Coaching has been used specifically to support families: to increase healthy eating and exercise, to enhance patient self-management and improve outcomes, to reduce community violence and domestic violence, to provide family therapy when some family members refuse, and to improve parenting skills around health and behavioral challenges. Now referred to as health coaching, these strategies differ from traditional health education by emphasizing goal-setting, problem-solving, and skill building. Coaching addresses multiple risk factors concurrently and aims to problem-solve emerging challenges.
This study will provide guidelines on how to implement Evidence-Based Practices, rather than replicating with fidelity an evidence-based intervention manual.
Study Type
Enrollment (Actual)
Phase
- Not Applicable
Contacts and Locations
Study Locations
-
-
California
-
Los Angeles, California, United States, 90024
- University of California, Los Angeles
-
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Louisiana
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New Orleans, Louisiana, United States, 70112
- Tulane University Health Sciences Center
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Participation Criteria
Eligibility Criteria
Ages Eligible for Study
Accepts Healthy Volunteers
Genders Eligible for Study
Description
Inclusion Criteria:
- HIV-positive serostatus
- Established HIV infection (not acutely infected)
- Able to provide informed consent
Exclusion Criteria:
- Youth under 12 years of age or above 24 years of age
- HIV-negative (high-risk HIV-negative youth will be invited to participate in another study)
- Acutely infected with HIV (RNA test will determine whether HIV infection is acute or established; acutely infected youth will be invited to participate in another study, once they are stable)
- Unable to understand the study procedures due to intoxication or cognitive difficulties (any youth who appear to be under the influence of alcohol or drugs will be unable to enroll in the study but invited to return at a later date)
- Unable to provide voluntary written informed consent
Study Plan
How is the study designed?
Design Details
- Primary Purpose: Treatment
- Allocation: Randomized
- Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
- Masking: Single
Arms and Interventions
Participant Group / Arm |
Intervention / Treatment |
---|---|
Experimental: Enhanced Standard Care
Youth randomized to the Enhanced Standard Care arm will receive an Automated Messaging and Monitoring Intervention (AMMI), which involves receiving 1-5 texts per day to motivate, inform and refer to HIV care and health services. Message banks will focus on the HIV Treatment Continuum, with libraries dedicated to healthcare, wellness, sexual health, drug use and ARV adherence for YLH. Youth will also receive a weekly monitoring survey that covers six domains related to the HIV Treatment Continuum, including: ARV adherence, condomless sex, potential symptoms of STI, excessive use of alcohol and/or drugs, feelings of sadness or depression, and housing or food insecurity. |
Youth will receive 1-5 text messages per day for at least 12 months. Banks of about 750 messages (70-120 messages per domain) focus on the HIV Treatment Continuum, with messages focused on dedicated to healthcare, wellness, sexual health, drug use and medication reminders. Youth will be able to choose the time and frequency that they receive daily texts. Preferences for the timing and type of messages can be updated at 4-month assessment points. Youth will complete weekly monitoring surveys by text message. The survey will cover six domains related to the HIV Treatment Continuum. If YLH do not respond to the text, reminder messages will be sent to the youth. After three days of non-response a follow-up call by an interviewer will be made to the YLH. |
Experimental: Stepped Care
Youth randomized to the Stepped Care arm will receive up to three levels of intervention, depending on whether or not they have achieved viral suppression at each four-month assessment point.
All youth will begin at Level 1 which is the same as the Enhanced Standard Care arm.
If they fail to achieve viral suppression at a reassessment in four months, they will be moved to Level 2, which includes both Level 1 and enrollment in private, online peer support groups.
If they fail to achieve viral suppression at another four-month assessment point, they will be moved to Level 3, which includes both Levels 1-2 and Coaching.
Coaches will provide support using a strengths-based coaching approach.
|
Youth will receive 1-5 text messages per day for at least 12 months. Banks of about 750 messages (70-120 messages per domain) focus on the HIV Treatment Continuum, with messages focused on dedicated to healthcare, wellness, sexual health, drug use and medication reminders. Youth will be able to choose the time and frequency that they receive daily texts. Preferences for the timing and type of messages can be updated at 4-month assessment points. Youth will complete weekly monitoring surveys by text message. The survey will cover six domains related to the HIV Treatment Continuum. If YLH do not respond to the text, reminder messages will be sent to the youth. After three days of non-response a follow-up call by an interviewer will be made to the YLH. Youth will be enrolled in online, private discussion groups. Peer Support will be offered by fellow participants and/or Youth Advisory Board members that have been trained in basic information on HIV, STI, drug use, mental health, homelessness, and stigma; using social media to create wall posts and use chat functions; and, how to initiate conversations on sensitive topics. By posting and responding to messages, Peer Supporters will encourage and broadly guide conversation related to the HIV Prevention Continuum, and other relevant topics. Coaches and Project Coordinators will be available to provide factual information (as needed), and remove inappropriate content.
Youth will have be assigned to a Coach trained in a strengths--based Coaching intervention, as well as common foundational theory, principles and skills used in adolescent HIV Evidence-Based Interventions (EBI).
Youth preferences will drive the intervention delivery - whether in-person, electronically via the phone, email, text message, social media private messaging.
|
What is the study measuring?
Primary Outcome Measures
Outcome Measure |
Measure Description |
Time Frame |
---|---|---|
Viral Suppression reflected as VL<200
Time Frame: 12 month to 24 months
|
Viral loads to be monitored at each 4-month assessment point using a blood draw and Quest Diagnostics HIV-1 quantitative real time-PCR in a research laboratory to measure HIV-1 RNA levels.
|
12 month to 24 months
|
Secondary Outcome Measures
Outcome Measure |
Measure Description |
Time Frame |
---|---|---|
Retention in Care
Time Frame: 12 month to 24 months
|
At least two medical appointments annually, verified using medical charts
|
12 month to 24 months
|
ARV Adherence
Time Frame: 12 month to 24 months
|
Adherence is assumed through decreasing viral loads.
Viral loads are assessed using Quest Diagnostics HIV-1 quantitative real time-PCR to measure HIV-1 RNA levels.
|
12 month to 24 months
|
Reductions in Substance Use
Time Frame: 12 month to 24 months
|
Rapid diagnostic tests (RDT) for alcohol, marijuana, methamphetamines, cocaine/crack, and opiates at each four-month assessment point
|
12 month to 24 months
|
Sexual Partnerships
Time Frame: 12 month to 24 months
|
Self-reported number of sexual partners, number of concurrent sexual partners, and condom use assessed at each four-month assessment point
|
12 month to 24 months
|
Mental Health
Time Frame: 12 month to 24 months
|
Self-reported symptoms of depression and anxiety
|
12 month to 24 months
|
Collaborators and Investigators
Publications and helpful links
General Publications
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- Arnold EM, Yalch MM, Christodoulou J, Murphy DA, Swendeman D, Rotheram-Borus MJ; Adolescent Medicine Trials Network CARES Study Team. Rumination influences the relationship between trauma and depression over time among youth living with HIV. J Affect Disord. 2022 Nov 9. pii: S0165-0327(22)01257-5. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.11.010. [Epub ahead of print]
- Arnold EM, Swendeman D, Harris D, Fournier J, Kozina L, Abdalian S, Rotheram MJ; Adolescent Medicine Trials Network CARES Team. The Stepped Care Intervention to Suppress Viral Load in Youth Living With HIV: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR Res Protoc. 2019 Feb 27;8(2):e10791. doi: 10.2196/10791.
Study record dates
Study Major Dates
Study Start (Actual)
Primary Completion (Actual)
Study Completion (Actual)
Study Registration Dates
First Submitted
First Submitted That Met QC Criteria
First Posted (Actual)
Study Record Updates
Last Update Posted (Estimate)
Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria
Last Verified
More Information
Terms related to this study
Keywords
Additional Relevant MeSH Terms
Other Study ID Numbers
- U19HD089886 - Study 2
- U19HD089886 (U.S. NIH Grant/Contract)
Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)
Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?
Drug and device information, study documents
Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product
Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product
product manufactured in and exported from the U.S.
This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.
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