Effect of Endurance and Endurance-Strength Training on Inflammatory Markers in Women With Abdominal Obesity (ENDOFIT)

The aim of this study was to compare the effects of three months' endurance training and three months' endurance-strength training on inflammatory markers in women with abdominal obesity.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Obesity
• Intervention / Treatment: Behavioral: Endurance training; Behavioral: Endurance-strength training

Detailed Description

Study patients. Written informed consent was obtained from all subjects. The study meets the standards of the Declaration of Helsinki in its revised version of 1975 and its amendments of 1983, 1989, and 1996.

Study design. The study was designed as a prospective randomized trial. Subjects were randomly divided into two groups, A and B, using a randomization list. Both groups performed three month of physical training. Group A underwent endurance training, while group B performed endurance-strength training. Aside from the training, all subjects were instructed to maintain the physical activity and diet that they had been practicing so far. At baseline and after three months of physical training, blood samples for laboratory analyses were taken, anthropometric measurements were performed for both groups.

Intervention. The exercise program lasted three months, with three sessions per week. Women in both groups participated in a total of 36 training sessions. The women in group A underwent endurance exercise on cycle ergometers (Schwinn Evolution, Schwinn Bicycle Company, Boulder, Colorado, USA). Exercise sessions consisted of a five-minute warm-up (stretching exercise) at low intensity (50%-60% of maximum heart rate), a 45-minute exercise (at 50%-80% of maximum heart rate), five minutes of cycling without a load, and five minutes of closing stretching and breathing exercise of low intensity. Group B performed endurance-strength exercise consisting of a five-minute warm-up (stretching exercises) of low intensity (50%-60% of maximum heart rate), a strength component, an endurance component, 5 minutes cycling without a load, and a 5 minutes closing stretching and breathing exercise of low intensity. The 20-minute-long strength component was performed using a neck barbell and a gymnastic ball. Directly after the strength exercise, the women took part in a 25-minute endurance exercise on cycle ergometers (Schwinn Evolution, Schwinn Bicycle Company, Boulder, Colorado, USA) at 50%-80% of maximum heart rate. Both the endurance and endurance-strength training were comparable in exercise volume; the only difference was the nature of the effort.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 38
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• Poland
  • Poznan, Poland, 60-569
    • Department of Education and Obesity Treatment and Metabolic Disorders; Poznan University of Medical Sciences

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 years to 65 years (Adult, Older Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: Yes
• Genders Eligible for Study: Female

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• informed written consent;
• simple obesity;
• age from 18 to 65 years;
• body fat content, assessed by electrical bioimpedance, equal to or more than 33%;
• waist circumference more than 80 cm;
• stable body weight in the one month prior to the trial.

Exclusion Criteria:

• secondary form of excess body mass
• secondary form of arterial hypertension
• mean systolic blood pressure > 140 mmHg and/or mean diastolic blood pressure > 90 mmHg;
• diabetes;
• ischemic heart disease;
• stroke;
• heart failure;
• history of malignancy;
• clinically significant heart arrhythmias;
• a history of use of any dietary supplement;
• serious liver or kidney damage;
• abnormal thyroid gland function;
• clinically significant inflammation, connective tissue disease, or arthritis;
• nicotine, alcohol, or narcotic abuse;
• infection;
• pregnancy, childbirth, or lactation;
• any other condition that would make participation not in the best interest of the subject, or could prevent the efficacy of the study.

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Basic Science
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: None (Open Label)

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: Group A; Endurance training	Behavioral: Endurance training; The women in group A underwent endurance exercise on cycle ergometers (Schwinn Evolution, Schwinn Bicycle Company, Boulder, Colorado, USA). Exercise sessions consisted of a five-minute warm-up (stretching exercise) at low intensity (50%-60% of maximum heart rate), a 45-minute exercise (at 50%-80% of maximum heart rate), five minutes of cycling without a load, and five minutes of closing stretching and breathing exercise of low intensity.
Experimental: Group B; Endurance-strength training	Behavioral: Endurance-strength training; Group B performed endurance-strength exercise consisting of a five-minute warm-up (stretching exercises) of low intensity (50%-60% of maximum heart rate), a strength component, an endurance component, 5 minutes cycling without a load, and a 5 minutes closing stretching and breathing exercise of low intensity. The 20-minute-long strength component was performed using a neck barbell and a gymnastic ball. Directly after the strength exercise, the women took part in a 25-minute endurance exercise on cycle ergometers (Schwinn Evolution, Schwinn Bicycle Company, Boulder, Colorado, USA) at 50%-80% of maximum heart rate.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
C-reactive protein (CRP) at baseline	Serum concentration of C-reactive protein at baseline	At baseline
CRP after three months of physical training	Serum concentration of C-reactive protein after three months of physical training	after three months of physical training

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) at baseline	Serum concentration of tumor necrosis factor alpha at baseline	at baseline
TNFα after three months of physical training	Serum concentration of tumor necrosis factor alpha after three months of physical training	after three months of physical training
soluble receptor 2 of TNF alpha (sTNF R2) at baseline	Serum concentration of soluble receptor 2 of TNF alpha at baseline	At baseline
sTNF R2 after three months of physical training	Serum concentration of soluble receptor 2 of TNF alpha after three months of physical training	after three months of physical training
interleukin 6 (IL-6) at baseline	Serum concentration of interleukin 6 at baseline	At baseline
IL-6 after three months of physical training	Serum concentration of interleukin 6 after three months of physical training	after three months of physical training
interleukin 1 (IL-1) at baseline	Serum concentration of interleukin 1 at baseline	At baseline
IL-1 after three months of physical training	Serum concentration of interleukin 1 after three months of physical training	after three months of physical training
visfatin at baseline	Serum concentration of visfatin at baseline	At baseline
visfatin after three months of physical training	Serum concentration of visfatin after three months of physical training	after three months of physical training
Body mass at baseline	Body mass at baseline	At baseline
Body mass after three months of physical training	Body mass after three months of physical training	after three months of physical training
Body height at baseline	Body height at baseline	At baseline
Body height after three months of physical training	Body height after three months of physical training	after three months of physical training

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Poznan University of Medical Sciences
• Investigators: Study Chair: Pawel Bogdanski, Prof., Department of Education and Obesity Treatment and Metabolic Disorders; Poznan University of Medical Sciences

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Jamka M, Piotrowska-Brudnicka SE, Karolkiewicz J, Skrypnik D, Bogdanski P, Cielecka-Piontek J, Sultanova G, Walkowiak J, Madry E. The Effect of Endurance and Endurance-Strength Training on Bone Health and Body Composition in Centrally Obese Women-A Randomised Pilot Trial. Healthcare (Basel). 2022 Apr 28;10(5):821. doi: 10.3390/healthcare10050821.

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): December 6, 2012
• Primary Completion (Actual): December 1, 2017
• Study Completion (Actual): December 30, 2017

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: February 13, 2018
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: February 18, 2018
• First Posted (Actual): February 23, 2018

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): February 23, 2018
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: February 18, 2018
• Last Verified: February 1, 2018

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: obesity; inflammation; training; C-reactive protein; tumor necrosis factor alfa
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Overnutrition; Nutrition Disorders; Overweight; Body Weight; Obesity; Obesity, Abdominal
• Other Study ID Numbers: 1077/12; 753/13

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No