The Effects on Blood Pressure of Salt Substitute Among Adults With Hypertension in India

A Randomized-Controlled Trial to Determine the Effects on Blood Pressure of A Reduced-sodium Added-potassium Salt Substitute Among Adults With Hypertension in India

Blood pressure is a key modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease in India. Drug therapies are highly effective and are recommended by local guidelines to reduce the risks of serious cardiovascular complications. Behavioural approaches to blood pressure control based upon sodium reduction are also recommended but there are no interventions proven effective in India.

Mean sodium intake in India is about 5g/day (equivalent to about 12.5g salt) which is, more than double World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations. Reduced sodium, added potassium salt substitutes have favourable effects on blood pressure in settings where discretionary salt use is high, but have not been tested in India. This single-site, Salt Substitute on blood pressure in India Study will investigate the effects of reduced sodium added potassium salt substitution on blood pressure in rural areas where hypertension is a prevalent disease problem and additional, scalable and affordable interventions are required. The primary objective is to assess the effects of salt substitute on SBP at 3 months follow-up. The secondary objectives are to determine effects on DBP, urinary sodium and potassium levels and to determine acceptability of the salt substitute.

The study will be a double-blinded, randomized-controlled trial done in the Hyderabad region amongst adult volunteers with a history of hypertension diagnosed by a health professional. The main exclusion criteria will be known serous kidney disease or use of potassium containing medications by the individual or others living in the household. Written informed consent will be obtained from potential participants followed by baseline data collection. Eligible individuals will then be assigned at random to receive double-blind salt or salt substitute which will be used to replace all dietary salt used for cooking and seasoning over the next 3 months. Follow-up will be at one and three months after randomisation for blood pressure, urinary electrolytes and acceptability of the intervention.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Blood Pressure
• Intervention / Treatment: Behavioral: Dietary sodium reduction

Detailed Description

Excess sodium intake is associated with high blood pressure which is a leading risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in India. Drug therapies are highly effective interventions for blood pressure lowering and are recommended by local guidelines to reduce the risks of serious cardiovascular complications. Behavioural approaches to blood pressure control based upon sodium reduction are also recommended but there are no interventions proven effective and sustainable in India.

Mean sodium intake in India is about 5g/day (equivalent to about 12.5g salt) which is more than double World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations. Reduced sodium, added potassium salt substitutes have favourable effects on blood pressure in settings where discretionary salt use is high, but have not been tested in India. Salt substitution is of particular interest because it has great potential for scaling in under-served and resource poor settings.

This study will investigate the effects of salt substitution on blood pressure in rural areas where hypertension is a highly prevalent disease problem and additional, scalable and affordable blood pressure lowering interventions are required. Accordingly, the primary objective is to assess the effects of a reduced sodium, added potassium salt substitute compared to usual salt on systolic blood pressure (SBP) at 3-months follow-up. The secondary objectives are to determine effects on diastolic blood pressure (DBP), urinary sodium and potassium levels and to determine acceptability of the salt substitute among patients with hypertension.

The study will be a double-blinded, randomized-controlled trial done in the villages of the Hyderabad district amongst adult volunteers with a self-reported history of hypertension. The main exclusion criteria will be known serous kidney disease or use of potassium containing medications by the individual or others living in the household. Written informed consent will be obtained from potential participants followed by baseline data collection. Eligible individuals will then be assigned at random to receive double-blind salt or salt substitute which will be used to replace all dietary salt required for cooking and seasoning in the household over the next 3-months. Follow-up will be at one and three months after randomisation for assessment of blood pressure and acceptability of the intervention, with urinary electrolytes measured at baseline and 3-months.

The sample size will be 440 participants randomized in a 1:1 ratio to intervention or control which will provide more than 80% power (P=0.05) to detect a 5 mmHg or greater difference in SBP between randomized groups. This estimate assumes a mean of 140mmHg and a standard deviation of 20mmHg for SBP at baseline. We will seek to recruit comparable numbers of men and women. Analyses will be done using the principle of intention-to-treat and a repeated measures analysis of variance that incorporates baseline, 1-month and 3-month measures of SBP to maximize the efficiency of the analysis.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 502
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• India
  • New Delhi, India, 110025
    • The George Institute for Glaobal Health India

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 years and older (Adult, Older Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No
• Genders Eligible for Study: All

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Male or female aged 18 years or over
• History of hypertension diagnosed by a health professional - hypertension may be self-reported and antihypertensive drugs may or may not be used for management. There is no entry criterion based upon blood pressure measurements made at the baseline survey
• Eat most of their meals in the home
• Consent to participate

Exclusion Criteria:

• Participant or family member is using a potassium-sparing diuretic
• Participant or family member is using a potassium supplement
• Participant or family member has known significant renal dysfunction
• Participant or family member has other reason for concern about use of salt substitute
• Participant is not expected to live longer than 6 months from the date of assessment
• Another member of the household is already enrolled in the study

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Prevention
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: Triple

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
No Intervention: Control; Normal salt
Experimental: Reduced-sodium added-potassium salt substitute; salt substitute	Behavioral: Dietary sodium reduction; A supply of a reduced-sodium added-potassium salt substitute

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Systolic Blood Pressure	As measured by using an automated blood pressure monitor according to established standardized methods.	three months

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Diastolic Blood Pressure	As measured by using an automated blood pressure monitor according to established standardized methods.	three months
Urinary sodium excretion	A field-based measurement of sodium made using the meter (HORIBA Ltd, Japan), which uses a direct ion-selective electrode technique to measure sodium concentrations.	three months
Urinary potassium excretion	A field-based measurement of potassium made using the meter (HORIBA Ltd, Japan), which uses a direct ion-selective electrode technique to measure potassium concentrations.	three months
Acceptability of the study salt substitute	Acceptability of the study salt substitute will be measured using the following questions at baseline and follow-up: How many days in the last week did you use study salt? If you were meant to use the study salt in the last week but did not use it every day, what is the reason? If you use the study salt in the last week: How did you use it? How many meals did you use the study salt during the day? Did you enjoy the taste? (1 = disliked a lot; 10 = liked a lot)	three months

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: The George Institute
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Jie Yu, The George Institute; Principal Investigator: Thout Sudhir Raj, The George Institute

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Yu J, Thout SR, Li Q, Tian M, Marklund M, Arnott C, Huffman MD, Praveen D, Johnson C, Huang L, Pettigrew S, Neal B, Wu JHY. Effects of a reduced-sodium added-potassium salt substitute on blood pressure in rural Indian hypertensive patients: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2021 Jul 1;114(1):185-193. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/nqab054.

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): November 25, 2019
• Primary Completion (Actual): May 30, 2020
• Study Completion (Actual): November 30, 2020

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: March 31, 2019
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: April 8, 2019
• First Posted (Actual): April 10, 2019

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): April 1, 2021
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: March 30, 2021
• Last Verified: March 1, 2021

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Cardiovascular Diseases; Vascular Diseases; Hypertension
• Other Study ID Numbers: SSiIS

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: NO

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No