Body Composition Changes During Overfeeding Plus Resistance Training

Body Composition Changes During Overfeeding Plus Resistance Training: Influence of Rate of Mass Gain, Assessment Method, and Participant Standardization

This study will examine the relationship between the rate and composition of mass gain during overfeeding plus resistance training, investigate the validity of multiple assessment methods for quantifying body composition changes during this period, and evaluate the effects of subject presentation on the interpretation of body composition changes.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Weight Gain; Resistance Training; Overeating
• Intervention / Treatment: Dietary supplement: High-calorie mass gainer supplement; Other: Resistance Training

Detailed Description

This study will examine the relationship between the rate and composition of mass gain during overfeeding plus resistance training, investigate the validity of multiple assessment methods for quantifying body composition changes during this period, and evaluate the effects of subject presentation on the interpretation of body composition changes. For this study, resistance-trained males between the ages of 18 and 40 will be recruited. At baseline, participants will complete body composition and metabolism assessments after an overnight period of fasting and resting (i.e. standardized conditions). These baseline assessments will be repeated in the afternoon of the same day after a period of ad libitum physical activity and dietary intake (i.e. non-standardized conditions). At both visits, body composition will be evaluated by a criterion 4-compartment model, necessitating assessments via dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, air displacement plethysmography, and bioimpedance spectroscopy. Additional assessments will be conducted using single- and multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis, infrared 3-dimensional scanning, and ultrasonography. At a separate baseline session, muscular performance will be measured via 1-repetition maximum and repetitions-to-failure tests on the barbell bench press and plate-loaded hip sled. Once baseline assessments are completed, participants will commence a 6-week, 3-days/week, full-body, progressive resistance training intervention in conjunction with overfeeding. During the intervention, participants will be asked to maintain their habitual diet while also consuming a high-calorie protein/carbohydrate supplement designed to promote mass gain. Dietary recommendations to promote adequate protein intake for maximal fat-free mass accretion will also be provided. For all participants, a target mass gain of 1+ pounds per week will be implemented. However, due to known variability in the propensity to gain body mass during overfeeding and resistance training, it is expected that natural variability in the actual mass gained will be present at the conclusion of the study. After the overfeeding plus resistance training intervention is completed, participants will complete three post-intervention research visits, which will be identical to the baseline visits. Appropriate statistical methods will be used to address the specific aims of this project. These will include linear regression analysis, paired-samples t-tests, effect size calculations, and validity evaluation through metrics such as the constant error, total error, standard error of the estimate, and 95% limits of agreement.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 32
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• United States
  • Texas
    • Lubbock, Texas, United States, 79409
      • Texas Tech University

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 years to 40 years (ADULT)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: Yes
• Genders Eligible for Study: Male

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Between the ages of 18 and 40
• Male
• Generally healthy (defined as an absence of any disease or medical condition which could potentially be impacted by study participation, including but not limited to cardiac, musculoskeletal, pulmonary, renal, immunological, or metabolic diseases)
• Weight-stable (defined as no change in body mass >5 pounds [2.3 kg] in the past 3 months)
• Willingness to adhere to study protocol, particularly the completion of the supervised resistance training program and consumption of dietary supplements
• Desire and/or willingness to attempt to gain body mass as part of study intervention
• Resistance trained (defined as performance of resistance training on 2 to 5 days for at least 6 months prior to study initiation), as well as meeting the objective criteria below
• Maximal strength > 1.0 x body mass on the barbell bench press exercise, executed with proper form
• Maximal strength > 2.0 x body mass on plate-loaded hip sled, executed with proper form

Exclusion Criteria:

• Failing to meet any of the aforementioned inclusion criteria
• Height greater than 75.5 inches (due to height limitation of DXA scanner)
• Weight greater than 350 pounds (due to weight limitation of DXA scanner)
• Beard longer than ½ inch (and unwillingness to shave) due to the impact of facial hair on Bod Pod body volume estimates
• History of anabolic-androgenic steroid use, based on self-report

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: OTHER
• Allocation: NA
• Interventional Model: SINGLE_GROUP
• Masking: NONE

Number of Arms

1

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
EXPERIMENTAL: Overfeeding Plus Resistance Training Arm; 6-week overfeeding plus resistance training arm	Dietary supplement: High-calorie mass gainer supplement; A high-calorie mass gainer supplement will be provided to all participants to promote weight gain.; Other: Resistance Training; All participants will complete a 6-week supervised resistance training program.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Proportion of Body Mass Gained as Fat-Free Mass	Calculated as change in fat-free mass (in kilograms) divided by change in body mass (in kilograms).	6 weeks
Rate of Body Mass Gain	Rate of body mass gained calculated in kilograms gained per week.	6 weeks
Fat-free mass	Fat-free mass in kilograms, assessed via multiple methods.	6 weeks
Fat mass	Fat mass in kilograms, assessed via multiple methods.	6 weeks
Skeletal muscle size	Muscle thickness in centimeters.	6 weeks
Resting metabolism	Resting metabolism in kcal/day.	6 weeks
Body mass	Body mass in kilograms	6 weeks

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Muscular Strength (1-repetition maximum test)	Maximal muscular strength in kilograms as assessed by 1-repetition maximum test.	6 weeks
Muscular Endurance (repetitions until failure)	Muscular endurance in repetitions (i.e. repetitions until failure) using a sub-maximal load.	6 weeks
Skeletal Muscle Quality via Ultrasonography	Skeletal muscle quality via ultrasonography (e.g. echo intensity in arbitrary units).	6 weeks
Estimated Skeletal Muscle Glycogen	Estimated muscle glycogen as assessed via ultrasound, in arbitrary units.	6 weeks
Estimated Skeletal Muscle Intramuscular Fat	Estimated intramuscular fat as assessed via ultrasound, in arbitrary units	6 weeks

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Texas Tech University
• Collaborators: Dymatize Enterprises, LLC; MuscleSound

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Rodriguez C, Harty PS, Stratton MT, Siedler MR, Smith RW, Johnson BA, Dellinger JR, Williams AD, White SJ, Benavides ML, Tinsley GM. Comparison of Indirect Calorimetry and Common Prediction Equations for Evaluating Changes in Resting Metabolic Rate Induced by Resistance Training and a Hypercaloric Diet. J Strength Cond Res. 2022 Nov 1;36(11):3093-3104. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000004077. Epub 2021 Jun 22.

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (ACTUAL): September 18, 2019
• Primary Completion (ACTUAL): November 26, 2019
• Study Completion (ACTUAL): November 26, 2019

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: August 14, 2019
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: August 23, 2019
• First Posted (ACTUAL): August 28, 2019

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (ACTUAL): May 7, 2020
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: May 5, 2020
• Last Verified: May 1, 2020

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Signs and Symptoms, Digestive; Body Weight; Body Weight Changes; Weight Gain; Hyperphagia
• Other Study ID Numbers: IRB2019-356

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No