The Impact of Brief Motivational Counseling for Smoking Cessation in an Italian Emergency Department: a Randomized Controlled Trial

Smoke is still a significant Public Health problem. The Emergency Departments (EDs) could be the ideal setting to set up smoke cessation interventions (high prevalence of smoking patient compared to the general population). The structured brief counseling 5As based (ask, advice, asses, assist, arrange) is an effective Public Health intervention when performed by the General Practitioners. Still not clear is its feasibility and effectiveness in the ED setting. Aim of the study. To assess the feasibility and effectiveness of the 5As based counselling in the University ED of Novara compared to the "usual care".

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Smoking Habit
• Intervention / Treatment: Behavioral: Brief counseling based on the 5As model

Detailed Description

The study is a Randomized Controlled Trial performed in Novara (Piedmont, Italy) in the ED of the "Maggiore della Carità" University Hospital and involving the Treatment Center for Tobacco use (CTT) of the Addiction Department of the Local Health Unit of Novara (ASL NO).

The RCT has two parallel groups (allocation 1:1): the intervention group and the controll group.

Adult smokers attending ED of the "Maggiore della Carità" University Hospital of the city of Novara are invited to participate to the intervention.

The intervention consists in the "5As" smoke cessation brief structured counselling performed by the ED nurses. The 5As counselling is composed by 5 main steps:

1. Ask: every patient is asked whether he/she is or is not a smoker in order to identify those who could benefit from the counseling;
2. Advice: the patient is advised to quit in a strong, clear and personalized way;
3. Assess: the patient is asked if he/she would like to quit and it is assessed the strength of his/her dependence in order to tailor the following step on the patient's situation and readiness to quit;
4. Assist: all the patients receive the counseling by the nurse and those interested in quitting are assisted in their attempts. Furthermore patients are asked whether they want to be contacted by the CTT in order to start an intensive treatment;
5. Arrange: for the patients willing to make a quit attempt, it is aimed to arrange for follow up contact by the CTT and to start a treatment in the CTT. It is expected also to prevent or treat eventual relapses.

The controll group received no intervention ("usual care" that could range between not mentioning the subject at all, to a general advice to quit without bringing any structured counselling).

All the nurses involved in the project as "intervention providers" will receive a proper training carried out by the CTT staff. The training will be focused on:

• the description and application of the 5As intervention;
• the importance of the relationship with patients;
• the acquisition of specific skills through role playing techniques.

The sample size needed is 1200 patients (600 for each arm of the study). This sample size has been calculated assuming that:

• in Italy the annual cessation rate in the general population is 8.4% (Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 2015);
• that the relative risk of 12-month point-estimated tobacco abstinence in the intervention group compared to the general population is 1.6.

The calculation was based on desired significance level of 5% (two-tailed) and power of 80%.

The evaluation of the feasibility and sustainability of the intervention is descriptive and the investigators did not include it in the power calculation.

Data collection. Data about patients are collected as follow:

• through the ED software; the ED software records all the clinically relevant information (triage, visit, observation and monitoring, if needed, or discharge);
• from the baseline questionnaire. Patients from both groups will be given a questionnaire about their smoking habits in order to collect data about their health status, socio-demographic characteristics, their degree of addiction by using the Fagerström test and their orientation with respect to the possibility of quitting. The questionnaire is the adaptation of the already validated questionnaire of the FRITT project, implemented in Sweden from the Karolinska Institutet, with the addition of the Fageström test for nicotine dependence. It also takes inspiration from the questionnaire SPRINT.
• from the nurse checklist. The check list is filled by the nurses involved in the study at the moment of the contact with the patients of the intervention group. The check list is aimed to investigate if the intervention has been carried out and in detail which steps have been performed. In the event that the intervention had not been carried out, the reason for this is collected in the check list;
• from the follow up- questionnaire. The follow-up questionnaire is administered by telephone at 6 and 12 month in order to collect the informations about the outcomes. Participants in the follow-up phase will be contacted by telephone at least 3 times at different hours of the day, in order to maximize the possibilities to get an answer.
• from the CTT software for those who decided to proceed with the intensive treatment.

All the data collected are recorded in the Research Electronic Data Capture (RedCap). RedCap is a secure web application that ensures the confidentiality of the data and high privacy levels, according to the Italian law.

Results will be analyzed with "intention-to treat" principle: each patient will be considered under original randomization no matter what counseling he/she actually received. In secondary analyzes, the investigators will perform both "per protocol" and "as treated" analyses.

Data monitoring. Due to the short duration of the trial and to the lack of recognized collateral effects, there is no need of a data monitoring committee.

The project does not implicate any physical intrusion or risk for participants.

Consent or assent is obtained first orally by the triage nurse than written by a designated person.

Access to data. The only actors who will have access to the final trial dataset are the researchers of Eastern Piedmont University involved in the study and the CTT physicians who collaborated at the study.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 480
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• Italy
  • Novara, Italy, 28100
    • Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale "Amedeo Avogadro"

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 years and older (Adult, Older Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No
• Genders Eligible for Study: All

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• self-statement as "current smokers" (at least one cigarette per day) during the triage interview;
• age ≥ 18;
• priority code urgency (yellow code) or deferrable urgency (green code) or non-urgency (white code);
• provision of an informed consent.

Exclusion Criteria:

• priority code emergency (red code);
• altered mental status or history of psychiatric illness;
• inability to understand either written or oral Italian;
• patient already in treatment or follow-up for tobacco addiction;
• patient allocated to a nurse who has not been trained in counseling and does not participate to the study;
• informed consent denied

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Other
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: Single

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: Intervention: Brief counseling based on the 5As model; The intervention group received a brief counseling based on the 5As model. It mainly consists of the following steps: ask, advice, asses, assist, arrange. It is performed by the nurse who take clinical care of the patient. The patients receive an information card about the Smoke cessation center's (CTT) and the patients who agree are contacted by the CTT's staff.	Behavioral: Brief counseling based on the 5As model; It is a structured brief counselling perfomed by nurse who takes clinical care of the patient and it is performed as follow: ASK: every patient should be asked whether he/she is or is not a smoker;; ADVICE: the patient is advised to quit in a strong, clear and personalized way;; ASSESS: the patient is asked if he/she would like to quit and the strenght of his/her dependence is assessed.; ASSIST: The smoker interested in quitting are assisted in their attempts, for example by helping them to define a quit date, by advising them about strategies against withdrawal symptoms and by providing them information material; patients are asked whether they want to be contacted by the CTT.; ARRANGE: this step is only addressed to the patients who have started a treatment in the CTT and is expected to prevent or treat eventual relapses.
No Intervention: Control group; No other intervention than the "usual care" (range between the not mentioning the subject at all, to a general advice to quit without bringing any evidence or any structured counseling).

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Point prevalence of tobacco-free patients assessment	Those who did not smoke in the last 7 days; dichotomous variable: yes/no. Better outcome: yes. Investigated by the ad-hoc telephone administrated questionnaire.	At 12 months from the intervention

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Point prevalence of tobacco-free patients assessment	Those who did not smoke in the last 7 days; dichotomous variable: yes/no. Better outcome: yes. Investigated by the ad-hoc telephone administrated questionnaire.	At 6 months from the intervention
Continuous abstinence during the last 3 months assessment	Categorical variable treated as a dichotomous one (yes/no). Better outcome: yes. Investigated by the ad-hoc telephone administrated questionnaire.	At 12 months from the intervention
Decrease of at least 50% in daily tobacco use in the past 7 days with respect to baseline	Continuous variable categorized in a dichotomous one: has there been a 50% decrease in daily tobacco use in the past 7 days with respect to baseline? Yes/no. Better outcome: yes. Variable used as a dichotomous one for the statistical analysis. Investigated by the ad-hoc telephone administrated questionnaire.	At 12 months from the intervention
Transition in motivational stages	The follow stages of the Transtheoretical Model of behavior change were investigated by the ad-hoc telephone administrated questionnaire: precontemplation, preparation, action and maintenance stages. The categoric variable is used as a dichotomous one: has the transition from one stage of change to another occurred? Yes/no. The outcome is positive when the passage from one stage of change to another towards the direction of the maintenance stage occurs.	At 12 months from the intervention
Quit attempts number.	Continuous variable used as dichotomous one: has there been at least one quit attempt (including cessation) in the last six month occurred? Yes/no. Investigated by the ad-hoc telephone administrative questionnaire	At 12 months from the intervention

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale "Amedeo Avogadro"
• Collaborators: Lega Italiana per la Lotta contro i Tumori

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• McBride CM, Emmons KM, Lipkus IM. Understanding the potential of teachable moments: the case of smoking cessation. Health Educ Res. 2003 Apr;18(2):156-70. doi: 10.1093/her/18.2.156.
• Foulds J. Strategies for smoking cessation. Br Med Bull. 1996 Jan;52(1):157-73. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.bmb.a011523.
• Gorini G, Carreras G, Giordano L, Anghinoni E, Iossa A, Coppo A, Talassi F, Galavotti M, Chellini E; SPRINT Working Group. The Pap smear screening as an occasion for smoking cessation and physical activity counselling: effectiveness of the SPRINT randomized controlled trial. BMC Public Health. 2012 Sep 5;12:740. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-740.
• Lancaster T, Stead LF. Individual behavioural counselling for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(3):CD001292. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD001292.
• Patrick DL, Cheadle A, Thompson DC, Diehr P, Koepsell T, Kinne S. The validity of self-reported smoking: a review and meta-analysis. Am J Public Health. 1994 Jul;84(7):1086-93. doi: 10.2105/ajph.84.7.1086.
• Virtanen SE, Zeebari Z, Rohyo I, Galanti MR. Evaluation of a brief counseling for tobacco cessation in dental clinics among Swedish smokers and snus users. A cluster randomized controlled trial (the FRITT study). Prev Med. 2015 Jan;70:26-32. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.11.005. Epub 2014 Nov 18.

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): April 1, 2017
• Primary Completion (Actual): June 1, 2019
• Study Completion (Actual): July 28, 2019

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: September 25, 2019
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: September 25, 2019
• First Posted (Actual): September 27, 2019

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): December 24, 2019
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: December 20, 2019
• Last Verified: December 1, 2019

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Pathologic Processes; Disease Attributes; Emergencies
• Other Study ID Numbers: CE 93/16

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: Undecided

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No