Mycoplasma Infection Rate and Macrolides Resistance in Children With Acute Respiratory Tract Infection

Multi-center Investigation and Study of Mycoplasma Pneumoniae Infection and Macrolide Drug Resistance in Outpatient and In-hospital Pediatric Acute Respiratory Diseases Illness in China

In recent years, mycoplasma pneumoniae caused more than 30% of respiratory infections in children in China, among which the detection rate of drug-resistant mycoplasma pneumoniae was higher than 90%. Pediatricians are facing great challenges.

In this study, a total of 2312 clinical cases were expected to be collected, including 1160 cases of outpatient respiratory infection including common cold, acute bronchitis and cough after infection, and 1152 cases of hospitalized community-acquired pneumonia, through uniform enrollment in 11 multi-centers for 1 year. Clinical data and respiratory samples were collected and clinical follow-up was completed.To investigate the infection rate and drug resistance gene of mycoplasma pneumoniae in children's respiratory tract infection.To evaluate the effectiveness of azithromycin in the treatment of mycoplasma pneumoniae respiratory infection.The early prediction model of refractory mycoplasma pneumoniae was established.To explore the clinical value of colloidal gold in early diagnosis of mycoplasma pneumoniae infection

Study Overview

• Status: Unknown
• Conditions: Respiratory Tract Infections
• Intervention / Treatment: Drug: Azithromycin; Diagnostic test: Mycoplasma detection; Other: Data collection; Other: Data collection; Drug: non-macrolides antibiotics

Detailed Description

This research center is a cross-sectional investigation and study, 8 centers including Shanghai children's medical center recruit the outpatient respiratory infection cases into the group, 6 centers including Shanghai children's medical recruit children with community-acquired pneumonia in hospital into the group All of the above cases in the group relevant clinical datas are collected, and complete clinical follow-up.Pharyngeal swabs or sputum specimens collected during the study were sent to Shanghai children's medical center for the detection of MP and macrolidene drug resistance genes.

Azithromycin was administered orally or intravenously to outpatients who tested positive for mycoplasma pneumoniae by colloidal gold method.Finally, MP infection rate of children with respiratory diseases including outpatient (common cold, acute bronchitis and cough after infection) and hospitalization (community-acquired pneumonia) was statistically observed.The detection rate of MP macrolides drug resistance gene was isolated from respiratory disease cases.Sensitivity and specificity of MP rapid detection method (antigen and antibody detection rapid colloidal gold method) for diagnosis of MP infection;Effectiveness of azithromycin in treatment of MRMP infection.

• Study Type: Observational
• Enrollment (Anticipated): 2312

Contacts and Locations

• Study Contact: Name: Yong Yin, Master; Phone Number: 18930830705; Email: E-mail:yinyong9999@163.com

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 4 weeks to 18 years (Child, Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No
• Genders Eligible for Study: All

• Sampling Method: Probability Sample

Study Population

The subjects of the study were outpatient patients at 8 centers including Shanghai children's medical center and hospitalized children at 6 centers on Oct. 28, 2019 and Sept. 27, 2020.

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

A) age: over 28 days, under 18 years old; B) diagnosis: outpatient diagnosis of common cold, acute bronchitis or post-infection cough and hospitalization cases consistent with community-acquired pneumonia.

C) the guardian of the child (< 8 years old) or the child (≥8 years old) can understand and be willing to participate in this study and sign a written informed consent.

Exclusion Criteria:

A)It is necessary to exclude underlying diseases associated with cardiovascular system, digestive system, nervous system, endocrine system, urinary system, immune system and genetic or chromosomal abnormalities.

B) the children or their families refused to participate in the study.

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Observational Models: Cohort
• Time Perspectives: Prospective

Number of groups / cohorts

4

Cohorts and Interventions

Group / Cohort	Intervention / Treatment
Common cold; A cold is a clinical diagnosis.Complaints may include a stuffy nose, sore throat, cough and headache.Objective signs are rare, but may include fever, enlarged anterior cervical lymph nodes, nasal mucosa and oropharyngeal erythema, and nasal mucus.	Drug: Azithromycin; If the diagnosis is common cold, acute bronchitis or post-infection cough ，treated with non-macrolides when the mycoplasma colloidal gold test is negative, treated with azithromycin when colloidal gold test is positive.; Diagnostic test: Mycoplasma detection; common cold, acute bronchitis or post-infection cough :MPlgM colloidal gold detection;Pharyngeal swab MP-RNA PCR, mutated gene detection at 2063 and 2064 site of macrolide-resistant 23S rRNA II region detection; community-acquired pneumonia:mycoplasma antigen antibody particle agglutination detection ;Sputum MP-RNA PCR, mutated gene detection at 2063 and 2064 site of macrolide-resistant 23S rRNA II region detection; Other: Data collection; Common cold:On enrollment, day 3 and day 7, scores were collected based on the Canadian acute respiratory diseases and influenza scale (CARIFS scale), success rate of initial treatment, antimicrobial conversion rate, intravenous rehydration rate, pneumonia conversion rate, re-visit rate, and hospitalization rate.; Acute bronchitis :on enrollment, day 3, and day 7, the Likert 7 subscale was used to score the cough severity questionnaire, collect the success rate of initial treatment, antimicrobial conversion rate, intravenous rehydration rate, pneumonia conversion rate, re-visit rate, and hospitalization rate.; Post-infection cough:on the day after outpatient visit, day 3, day 7, and day 14, the cough severity questionnaire (Likert 7 subscale) was used to score the success rate of initial treatment, antimicrobial conversion rate, intravenous rehydration rate, pneumonia conversion rate, re-visit rate, and hospitalization rate.; Other: Data collection; Acquisition of children hospitalized time, heating time, mixed infection, drug (azithromycin, tetracycline, quinolone) dose and use time, pulmonary complication (pleural effusion, atelectasis, necrotizing pneumonia, interstitial pneumonia, occlusive bronchitis, occlusive bronchiolitis, lung, emphysema, lung abscess, bronchiectasis, transparent), pleural puncture/drainage, bronchoscope, oxygen time, into the ICU, mechanical ventilation time, surgery, and deaths and re-visit, hospitalization, surgery and death within 30 days after discharge
acute bronchitis; In 2011, the European society of respiratory diseases (ERS) defined acute disease in patients with non-chronic lung disease. Symptoms include cough, with or without expectoration of phlegm, and other symptoms and signs may indicate lower respiratory tract infection and cannot be explained by other diseases (e.g., sinusitis, asthma).The main symptoms of acute bronchitis are cough, may be accompanied by fever, fatigue, asthma and dyspnea.	Drug: Azithromycin; If the diagnosis is common cold, acute bronchitis or post-infection cough ，treated with non-macrolides when the mycoplasma colloidal gold test is negative, treated with azithromycin when colloidal gold test is positive.; Diagnostic test: Mycoplasma detection; common cold, acute bronchitis or post-infection cough :MPlgM colloidal gold detection;Pharyngeal swab MP-RNA PCR, mutated gene detection at 2063 and 2064 site of macrolide-resistant 23S rRNA II region detection; community-acquired pneumonia:mycoplasma antigen antibody particle agglutination detection ;Sputum MP-RNA PCR, mutated gene detection at 2063 and 2064 site of macrolide-resistant 23S rRNA II region detection; Other: Data collection; Common cold:On enrollment, day 3 and day 7, scores were collected based on the Canadian acute respiratory diseases and influenza scale (CARIFS scale), success rate of initial treatment, antimicrobial conversion rate, intravenous rehydration rate, pneumonia conversion rate, re-visit rate, and hospitalization rate.; Acute bronchitis :on enrollment, day 3, and day 7, the Likert 7 subscale was used to score the cough severity questionnaire, collect the success rate of initial treatment, antimicrobial conversion rate, intravenous rehydration rate, pneumonia conversion rate, re-visit rate, and hospitalization rate.; Post-infection cough:on the day after outpatient visit, day 3, day 7, and day 14, the cough severity questionnaire (Likert 7 subscale) was used to score the success rate of initial treatment, antimicrobial conversion rate, intravenous rehydration rate, pneumonia conversion rate, re-visit rate, and hospitalization rate.; Other: Data collection; Acquisition of children hospitalized time, heating time, mixed infection, drug (azithromycin, tetracycline, quinolone) dose and use time, pulmonary complication (pleural effusion, atelectasis, necrotizing pneumonia, interstitial pneumonia, occlusive bronchitis, occlusive bronchiolitis, lung, emphysema, lung abscess, bronchiectasis, transparent), pleural puncture/drainage, bronchoscope, oxygen time, into the ICU, mechanical ventilation time, surgery, and deaths and re-visit, hospitalization, surgery and death within 30 days after discharge
Post-infection cough; The definition in the 2013 guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of chronic cough in Chinese children: cough refers to a recent history of respiratory tract infection;The cough lasted > for 4 weeks, presenting an irritating dry cough or a little white phlegm.Chest x - ray examination showed no abnormality or only increased lung veins.The pulmonary ventilation function was normal, or presented transient high airway response.Coughs are usually self-limited, and other diagnoses should be considered if the cough is more than 8 weeks old.In addition to other causes of chronic cough.	Drug: Azithromycin; If the diagnosis is common cold, acute bronchitis or post-infection cough ，treated with non-macrolides when the mycoplasma colloidal gold test is negative, treated with azithromycin when colloidal gold test is positive.; Diagnostic test: Mycoplasma detection; common cold, acute bronchitis or post-infection cough :MPlgM colloidal gold detection;Pharyngeal swab MP-RNA PCR, mutated gene detection at 2063 and 2064 site of macrolide-resistant 23S rRNA II region detection; community-acquired pneumonia:mycoplasma antigen antibody particle agglutination detection ;Sputum MP-RNA PCR, mutated gene detection at 2063 and 2064 site of macrolide-resistant 23S rRNA II region detection; Other: Data collection; Common cold:On enrollment, day 3 and day 7, scores were collected based on the Canadian acute respiratory diseases and influenza scale (CARIFS scale), success rate of initial treatment, antimicrobial conversion rate, intravenous rehydration rate, pneumonia conversion rate, re-visit rate, and hospitalization rate.; Acute bronchitis :on enrollment, day 3, and day 7, the Likert 7 subscale was used to score the cough severity questionnaire, collect the success rate of initial treatment, antimicrobial conversion rate, intravenous rehydration rate, pneumonia conversion rate, re-visit rate, and hospitalization rate.; Post-infection cough:on the day after outpatient visit, day 3, day 7, and day 14, the cough severity questionnaire (Likert 7 subscale) was used to score the success rate of initial treatment, antimicrobial conversion rate, intravenous rehydration rate, pneumonia conversion rate, re-visit rate, and hospitalization rate.; Other: Data collection; Acquisition of children hospitalized time, heating time, mixed infection, drug (azithromycin, tetracycline, quinolone) dose and use time, pulmonary complication (pleural effusion, atelectasis, necrotizing pneumonia, interstitial pneumonia, occlusive bronchitis, occlusive bronchiolitis, lung, emphysema, lung abscess, bronchiectasis, transparent), pleural puncture/drainage, bronchoscope, oxygen time, into the ICU, mechanical ventilation time, surgery, and deaths and re-visit, hospitalization, surgery and death within 30 days after discharge
community-acquired pneumonia; According to the 2019 guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of community-acquired pneumonia in children, it is defined as infectious pneumonia developed outside the hospital (community), including pneumonia developed after admission due to infection of pathogens with a clear incubation period outside the hospital (community).	Diagnostic test: Mycoplasma detection; common cold, acute bronchitis or post-infection cough :MPlgM colloidal gold detection;Pharyngeal swab MP-RNA PCR, mutated gene detection at 2063 and 2064 site of macrolide-resistant 23S rRNA II region detection; community-acquired pneumonia:mycoplasma antigen antibody particle agglutination detection ;Sputum MP-RNA PCR, mutated gene detection at 2063 and 2064 site of macrolide-resistant 23S rRNA II region detection; Other: Data collection; Common cold:On enrollment, day 3 and day 7, scores were collected based on the Canadian acute respiratory diseases and influenza scale (CARIFS scale), success rate of initial treatment, antimicrobial conversion rate, intravenous rehydration rate, pneumonia conversion rate, re-visit rate, and hospitalization rate.; Acute bronchitis :on enrollment, day 3, and day 7, the Likert 7 subscale was used to score the cough severity questionnaire, collect the success rate of initial treatment, antimicrobial conversion rate, intravenous rehydration rate, pneumonia conversion rate, re-visit rate, and hospitalization rate.; Post-infection cough:on the day after outpatient visit, day 3, day 7, and day 14, the cough severity questionnaire (Likert 7 subscale) was used to score the success rate of initial treatment, antimicrobial conversion rate, intravenous rehydration rate, pneumonia conversion rate, re-visit rate, and hospitalization rate.; Other: Data collection; Acquisition of children hospitalized time, heating time, mixed infection, drug (azithromycin, tetracycline, quinolone) dose and use time, pulmonary complication (pleural effusion, atelectasis, necrotizing pneumonia, interstitial pneumonia, occlusive bronchitis, occlusive bronchiolitis, lung, emphysema, lung abscess, bronchiectasis, transparent), pleural puncture/drainage, bronchoscope, oxygen time, into the ICU, mechanical ventilation time, surgery, and deaths and re-visit, hospitalization, surgery and death within 30 days after discharge; Drug: non-macrolides antibiotics; If the diagnosis is community-acquired pneumonia with negative mycoplasma antibody-granule agglutination, non-macrolides are used for treatment

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
MP infection rates	Respiratory illnesses include MP infection rates in children with outpatient (common cold, acute bronchitis, and chronic cough) and hospitalized (community-acquired pneumonia).	On enrollment 1 day

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
MP macrolides drug resistance gene rate	The detection rate of MP macrolides drug resistance gene was isolated from respiratory disease cases	On enrollment 1 day
Sensitivity and specificity of MP rapid detection method	Sensitivity and specificity of MP rapid detection method (antigen and antibody detection rapid colloidal gold method) for diagnosis of MP infection	On enrollment 1 day
An early prediction model of refractory MP pneumonia	An early prediction model of refractory MP pneumonia caused by MRMP was established	Community acquired pneumonia 30 days after discharge
Clinical efficacy of azithromycin	Common cold and acute bronchitis on enrollment, day 3 and day 7;Post-infection cough on the day after outpatient visit, day 3, day 7, and day 14	Common cold and acute bronchitis for 7 days ;Post-infection cough for 14 days

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Shanghai Children's Medical Center
• Collaborators: Shanghai Children's Hospital; The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University; Beijing Children's Hospital; Shenzhen Children's Hospital; Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University; Wuhan Children's Hospital; Tianjin Children's Hospital; Xi 'an children's hospital; Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Yong Yin, master, Shanghai Children's Medical Center

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Li L, Liao X, Zhao J, Xie YM. [Interpretation of chinese clinical guidelines for acute upper respiratory tract infection in children]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2017 Apr;42(8):1510-1513. doi: 10.19540/j.cnki.cjcmm.2017.0049. Chinese.
• Leung DT, Chisti MJ, Pavia AT. Prevention and Control of Childhood Pneumonia and Diarrhea. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2016 Feb;63(1):67-79. doi: 10.1016/j.pcl.2015.08.003.
• Nair H, Simoes EA, Rudan I, Gessner BD, Azziz-Baumgartner E, Zhang JSF, Feikin DR, Mackenzie GA, Moiisi JC, Roca A, Baggett HC, Zaman SM, Singleton RJ, Lucero MG, Chandran A, Gentile A, Cohen C, Krishnan A, Bhutta ZA, Arguedas A, Clara AW, Andrade AL, Ope M, Ruvinsky RO, Hortal M, McCracken JP, Madhi SA, Bruce N, Qazi SA, Morris SS, El Arifeen S, Weber MW, Scott JAG, Brooks WA, Breiman RF, Campbell H; Severe Acute Lower Respiratory Infections Working Group. Global and regional burden of hospital admissions for severe acute lower respiratory infections in young children in 2010: a systematic analysis. Lancet. 2013 Apr 20;381(9875):1380-1390. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61901-1. Epub 2013 Jan 29.
• Basarab M, Macrae MB, Curtis CM. Atypical pneumonia. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2014 May;20(3):247-51. doi: 10.1097/MCP.0000000000000048.
• Blasi F. Atypical pathogens and respiratory tract infections. Eur Respir J. 2004 Jul;24(1):171-81. doi: 10.1183/09031936.04.00135703.
• Xu W, Guo L, Dong X, Li X, Zhou P, Ni Q, Zhou X, Wagner AL, Li L. Detection of Viruses and Mycoplasma pneumoniae in Hospitalized Patients with Severe Acute Respiratory Infection in Northern China, 2015-2016. Jpn J Infect Dis. 2018 Mar 22;71(2):134-139. doi: 10.7883/yoken.JJID.2017.412. Epub 2018 Feb 28.
• Sondergaard MJ, Friis MB, Hansen DS, Jorgensen IM. Clinical manifestations in infants and children with Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. PLoS One. 2018 Apr 26;13(4):e0195288. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195288. eCollection 2018.
• Wang H, Dai W, Qiu C, Li S, Wang W, Xu J, Li Z, Wang H, Li Y, Yang Z, Feng X, Zhou Q, Han L, Li Y, Zheng Y. Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Streptococcus pneumoniae caused different microbial structure and correlation network in lung microbiota. J Thorac Dis. 2016 Jun;8(6):1316-22. doi: 10.21037/jtd.2016.04.63.
• Zhao F, Liu J, Shi W, Huang F, Liu L, Zhao S, Zhang J. Antimicrobial susceptibility and genotyping of Mycoplasma pneumoniae isolates in Beijing, China, from 2014 to 2016. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2019 Jan 24;8:18. doi: 10.1186/s13756-019-0469-7. eCollection 2019.
• Yang HJ, Song DJ, Shim JY. Mechanism of resistance acquisition and treatment of macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia in children. Korean J Pediatr. 2017 Jun;60(6):167-174. doi: 10.3345/kjp.2017.60.6.167. Epub 2017 Jun 22.
• Matsuoka M, Narita M, Okazaki N, Ohya H, Yamazaki T, Ouchi K, Suzuki I, Andoh T, Kenri T, Sasaki Y, Horino A, Shintani M, Arakawa Y, Sasaki T. Characterization and molecular analysis of macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae clinical isolates obtained in Japan. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2004 Dec;48(12):4624-30. doi: 10.1128/AAC.48.12.4624-4630.2004.
• Bebear C, Pereyre S, Peuchant O. Mycoplasma pneumoniae: susceptibility and resistance to antibiotics. Future Microbiol. 2011 Apr;6(4):423-31. doi: 10.2217/fmb.11.18.
• Kawai Y, Miyashita N, Kubo M, Akaike H, Kato A, Nishizawa Y, Saito A, Kondo E, Teranishi H, Wakabayashi T, Ogita S, Tanaka T, Kawasaki K, Nakano T, Terada K, Ouchi K. Nationwide surveillance of macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in pediatric patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2013 Aug;57(8):4046-9. doi: 10.1128/AAC.00663-13. Epub 2013 May 28.
• Yin YD, Wang R, Zhuo C, Wang H, Wang MG, Xie CM, She DY, Yuan X, Wang RT, Cao B, Liu YN. Macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae prevalence and clinical aspects in adult patients with community-acquired pneumonia in China: a prospective multicenter surveillance study. J Thorac Dis. 2017 Oct;9(10):3774-3781. doi: 10.21037/jtd.2017.09.75.
• Lee E, Cho HJ, Hong SJ, Lee J, Sung H, Yu J. Prevalence and clinical manifestations of macrolide resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia in Korean children. Korean J Pediatr. 2017 May;60(5):151-157. doi: 10.3345/kjp.2017.60.5.151. Epub 2017 May 31.
• Pereyre S, Charron A, Hidalgo-Grass C, Touati A, Moses AE, Nir-Paz R, Bebear C. The spread of Mycoplasma pneumoniae is polyclonal in both an endemic setting in France and in an epidemic setting in Israel. PLoS One. 2012;7(6):e38585. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038585. Epub 2012 Jun 6.
• Pereyre S, Touati A, Petitjean-Lecherbonnier J, Charron A, Vabret A, Bebear C. The increased incidence of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in France in 2011 was polyclonal, mainly involving M. pneumoniae type 1 strains. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2013 Apr;19(4):E212-7. doi: 10.1111/1469-0691.12107. Epub 2012 Dec 22.
• Yamada M, Buller R, Bledsoe S, Storch GA. Rising rates of macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae in the central United States. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2012 Apr;31(4):409-0. doi: 10.1097/INF.0b013e318247f3e0.

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Anticipated): November 28, 2019
• Primary Completion (Anticipated): September 27, 2020
• Study Completion (Anticipated): May 31, 2021

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: October 11, 2019
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: October 14, 2019
• First Posted (Actual): October 15, 2019

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): October 15, 2019
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: October 14, 2019
• Last Verified: October 1, 2019

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: acute bronchitis; community-acquired pneumonia; common cold; Post-infection cough; Mycoplasma infection rate; macrolides resistance
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Pathologic Processes; Respiratory Tract Diseases; Pneumonia; Lung Diseases; Disease Attributes; Pleural Diseases; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Bacterial Infections; Bacterial Infections and Mycoses; Pleurisy; Mycoplasmatales Infections; Infections; Communicable Diseases; Respiratory Tract Infections; Pleuropneumonia; Mycoplasma Infections; Anti-Infective Agents; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Azithromycin
• Other Study ID Numbers: SCMCIRB-K2019060-1

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: Undecided

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: Yes
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No