Non-pharmacological Pain Management in Term Neonates

Experimental Randomized Study: The Effect of White Noise and Facilitated Tucking Applications During Heel-Stick Sampling on Pain in Term Babies

A randomised clinical trial in a single centre. This study was performed to compare the effect of white noise, facilitated tucking, and their concerted application during heel-stick sampling on pain in term babies.

The study was conducted on 90 babies. Using stratification and blocking method, 30 babies were included in the white noise group (1st Group), 30 in facilitated tucking group (2nd Group), and 30 in white noise + facilitated tucking group (3rd Group). Pain scores of the babies in all groups before, during, and after the procedure were evaluated by two nurses independent from each other using Neonatal Infant Pain Scale (NIPS).

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Pain
• Intervention / Treatment: Other: White Noise; Other: Facilitated Tucking; Other: White Noise+Facilitated Tucking

Detailed Description

Aims and objectives: This study was performed to compare the effect of white noise, facilitated tucking, and their concerted application during heel-stick sampling on pain in term babies.

Design: A randomised clinical trial in a single centre. Methods: The study sample size was determined by the free-software G* Power. Based on the power analysis performed prior to the study in order to determine the number of babies to be included in the sample group (with β=0.14087 and α=0.05 risk, Power=0.85913), according to the study by Karakoc and Turker (2014), it was found that 27 neonates should be included in each group. The study was conducted on 90 babies, between July 1, 2017 - August 9, 2017. Using stratification and blocking method, 30 babies were included in the white noise group (1st Group), 30 in facilitated tucking group (2nd Group), and 30 in white noise + facilitated tucking group (3rd Group). Pain scores of the babies in all groups before, during, and after the procedure were evaluated by two nurses independent from each other using Neonatal Infant Pain Scale (NIPS).

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 90
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• Turkey
  • Çankiri, Turkey, 18200
    • Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: No older than 1 year (Child)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No
• Genders Eligible for Study: All

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Being term baby
• Being with mother
• Being a healthy baby
• Being able fed orally
• Being fed at least half an hour before the procedure
• Being able to draw blood at the first try (since the pain level will change on the second try)
• Agreed to participate in the study and gave verbal consent were included in the study.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Having received analgesics and/or sedatives within the last 24 hours
• Having any complications that prevent pain evaluation (e.g. intracranial hemorrhage, neuromotor growth retardation, etc.)
• Having undergone any painful procedures within the last hour (e.g. blood drawing, aspiration, ophthalmologic examination, etc.)
• Prior history of surgery
• Being connected to mechanical ventilator

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Prevention
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Crossover Assignment
• Masking: Double

Number of Arms

3

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: White Noise; The "white noise" used in our study is a fragment called "Bebeğiniz ağlamasın-2" from "Kolik" album of Buzuki Orhan Osman, which was used in similar studies (Balci, 2006; Karakoc & Turker, 2014; Kucukoglu et al., 2016).Since the white noise is a continuously monotonous sound, which is in the form of a hum, it resembles the sounds in mother's womb (Balci, 2006).	Other: White Noise; The white noise was initiated 50 cm away from the baby, with the decibel meter set to an average of 55 decibels. The baby was exposed to white noise for 2 minutes before the procedure.
Experimental: Facilitated Tucking; Facilitated tucking is the procedure of holding the baby's arms and legs in a flexed position close to the midline of the torso, and the baby is able to move his/her extremities during this procedure (Caglayan, 2011).	Other: Facilitated Tucking; The baby's arms and legs were held in flexed positions close to the midline of the torso in sidelying position, so the baby was able to move his/her extremities. The baby was held in facilitated tucking position for one minute before the procedure.
Experimental: White Noise+Facilitated Tucking; Both applications performed together.	Other: White Noise+Facilitated Tucking; The baby was exposed to white noise for 1 minute before the procedure. The white noise was initiated 50 cm away from the baby, with the decibel meter set to an average of 55 decibels. At the second minute, when the white noise still continued to play, facilitated tucking was performed at the same time and the baby continued to listen to the white noise for 1 minute while in facilitated tucking position.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Pain severity (scores)	Pain was evaluated separately by NIPS by two individuals, one investigator and one nursing nurse. The scores given by the investigator and the nurse were used to determine pain scores before, during and after heel blood collection. Pain severity was expressed as mean score NIPS.Neonatal Infant Pain Scale (NIPS) was used in the evaluation of the pain of the neonates. This scale was developed by Lawrence et al. (1993). The validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the test were assessed by Akdovan (1999). There are six variables in the scale. These are baby's breathing pattern, wakefulness, crying, facial movements and arm and leg movements. These variables are scored between 0-1. Only crying is scored between 0-2. The total score is between 0-7. The resulting score is directly proportional to the severity of the pain. That is, as the score increases, the severity of the pain increases (Akdovan, 1999). The study was completed with 90 infants.	2 MONTHS

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Crying time	The researcher recorded the crying time in second (sec) during and after heel blood collection. The study was completed with 90 infants.	2 MONTHS

Other Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Physiological Changes: Heart rate	The pulse oximetry probe was attached to a non-heeled foot to measure heart in second (sec) before, during and after heel blood collection in each infant. The study was completed with 90 infants.	2 MONTHS
Physiological Changes: Oxygen saturation	The pulse oximetry probe was attached to a non-heeled foot to measure oxygen saturation in percent (%) before, during and after heel blood collection in each infant. The study was completed with 90 infants.	2 MONTHS
Physiological Changes: Respiration	The researcher recorded the respiration in minute (min) before and after heel blood collection. The study was completed with 90 infants.	2 MONTHS

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Çankırı Karatekin University

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Kucukoglu S, Aytekin A, Celebioglu A, Celebi A, Caner I, Maden R. Effect of White Noise in Relieving Vaccination Pain in Premature Infants. Pain Manag Nurs. 2016 Dec;17(6):392-400. doi: 10.1016/j.pmn.2016.08.006. Epub 2016 Oct 15.
• Lawrence J, Alcock D, McGrath P, Kay J, MacMurray SB, Dulberg C. The development of a tool to assess neonatal pain. Neonatal Netw. 1993 Sep;12(6):59-66.
• Karakoc A, Turker F. Effects of white noise and holding on pain perception in newborns. Pain Manag Nurs. 2014 Dec;15(4):864-70. doi: 10.1016/j.pmn.2014.01.002. Epub 2014 Feb 20.
• Caglayan, N. (2011). The effect on pain of manipulating the preterm neonate into the facilitated tucking during drawing of blood from the heel. Turkey: Unpublished Master Thesis. Istanbul University Health Sciences Institute, Istanbul. Retrived from https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tezSorguSonucYeni.jsp
• Balci, S. (2006). Effect of white noise in colicky baby. Turkey: Unpublished Master's Thesis, Marmara University Institute of Health Sciences, Istanbul. Retrived from: https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tezSorguSonucYeni.jsp
• Akdovan, T. (1999). Assessment of pain in healthy newborns, investigation of the effect of the sucking and holding method. Turkey: Unpublisched Master's Dissertation. Marmara University Institute of Health Sciences, Istanbul. Retrived from: https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tezSorguSonucYeni.jsp

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): July 1, 2017
• Primary Completion (Actual): August 9, 2017
• Study Completion (Actual): November 24, 2017

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: October 23, 2019
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: October 28, 2019
• First Posted (Actual): October 30, 2019

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): October 30, 2019
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: October 28, 2019
• Last Verified: October 1, 2019

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Other Study ID Numbers: Eskisehir Osmangazi University

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No