Coding Improvement Project: Resident Education on Documentation (DER)

Coding and Documentation Education for General Surgery Residents

Most General Surgery program directors have expressed the necessity to educate residents on the business aspect of medicine. However, the literature review did not produce any interventional studies directly addressing coding and documentation in General Surgery Residents. The purpose of this study is to address specific coding and documentation mistakes as identified by surgery coding analysts in the surgical department. Through this examination, we hope to provide residents with the necessary tools and framework for adequate documentation throughout their surgical careers.

Study Overview

• Status: Withdrawn
• Conditions: Resident Education
• Intervention / Treatment: Other: Resident education on documentation and coding

Detailed Description

Background:

Research has shown that residents have limited knowledge on documentation requirements. However, correct coding and documentation plays a pivotal role in today's health care system. Inadequate billing and coding in health record documentation can constitute fraud and abuse. Surgeons that are trained on proper billing and coding can be instrumental to reducing waste and increasing efficiency throughout the sphere of health care. The low quality of physician documentation has been widely recognized; however, definitive measures correcting the situation are absent. Truthfully, most residents are unaware that ICD-9 data is used for planning, reimbursement, quality rating, Medicare Conditions of Participation, JCAHO Core Measures thereby reinforcing the lack of understanding regarding the importance of such codes.Lack of education and time constraints results in poor physician documentation and as a consequence, inadequate coding leads to delayed or denied reimbursements. Several studies have shown under-billing and down-coding from resident encounters. However, no interventional studies directly addressing coding and documentation in General Surgery Residents were identified.

Purpose and objectives:

Objective 1: To educate general surgery residents on proper documentation; therefore, facilitating coding analyst efficiency by increasing processing time and employee satisfaction.

Hypothesis 1: Increasing note clarity will improve coding analyst productivity and output.

Objective 2: To ensure fair and accurate re-imbursement by appropriate translation of documentation to ICD-9 and CPT codes.

Hypothesis 2: Better reimbursement accuracy will result from an increase in precise, clear and complete medical records.

Objective 3: To increase self-efficacy in surgical trainees. Hypothesis 3: By incorporating appropriate documentation and coding techniques early on in their careers, we will observe increase in documentation confidence among residents.

Design and Procedure:

To initiate this study, surgical coding analysts at the Michael E. DeBakey Department of Veteran Affairs (MEDVAMC) will be interviewed on the most commonly encountered documenting mistakes in current practice at the surgery department. We intend to conduct a blinded randomized, control trial examining documentation entered by surgical trainees who receive no documentation education compared to trainee documentation after education. Endpoints will be measured by evaluating coding analyst quota which is defined as the number of charts translated into ICD-9 and CPT codes per day. Additionally, we will also be evaluating employee satisfaction as defined by the Maslach Burnout inventory; a well-researched validated survey. A time range of twelve months, starting from day one of a surgical rotation, will be used in each arm of the study. Trainees with no education on documentation will serve as the control group while those who recieve documentation education will make up the intervention group. Outcomes will be measured by changes in quota, and coder satisfaction as described above. Randomization: A randomized block design will be employed with each surgery rotation month as a unit of randomization. In other words, surgery trainees will be randomly assigned to the control or intervention group per rotating month. Since residents rotate through a surgical service every 30 days, randomization will be done per month.

Blinding and allocation concealment:

The random month assignment will take place in advance using a pre-sealed envelope containing the randomization arm that will be opened the day prior to the start of the next surgical trainee rotation. The coders and surgical trainees will be blinded to the group allocation. Furthermore, surgery residents rotating through a surgical rotation at the VA during an intervention month will be trained on documentation and coding on the first day of their rotation; the teaching session will be about 20 minutes with high yield information on proper documentation and coding. The content of the teaching session will be determined through interviews conducted with the coding analysts. In addition to this session, a note card will be provided to the residents stressing the importance of proper documentation as well as serving as a reference tool.

At the end of the rotation, an anonymous survey will be provided to the residents in order to assess if their documentation skills changed after the intervention. In addition, the coding analyst will also complete the Maslach Burnout inventory survey, a well-researched validated survey, to assess their employee's satisfaction in control vs intervention months. In addition, de-identified generally available data on the surgery department, such as relative value units and daily analyst quota will be collected. No identifiable provider information will be collected.

Data Collection and Analysis Coding Analyst satisfaction will be analyzed with the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) provided at the end of each month. In addition, residents will be surveyed on knowledge on coding and documentation confidence pre and post intervention. Billing and documentation data from the surgical deparment will be collected. Data will be analyzed using the t-test to determine if increasing the clarity of notes increases productivity. Secondary outcomes: Coding analyst satisfaction scores and resident surveys will be analyzed among the intervention and control groups using t-test.The criteria used for statistical significance will correspond to a P= 0.05 and a confidence interval (CI) of 95%. Analysis will be performed with STATA IC 13.0 (Stata Corporation, College Station, TX)

• Study Type: Interventional
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• United States
  • Texas
    • Houston, Texas, United States, 77030
      • Baylor College of Medicine

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 21 years to 65 years (ADULT, OLDER_ADULT)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: Yes
• Genders Eligible for Study: All

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

1. All Surgery residents in the Baylor College of Medicine residency program rotating through a surgical rotation at the Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center between the months of November 2014 and November 2016.
2. Coding analysts employed in the Surgical Coding department at the Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center between the months of November 2014 and November 2016.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Residents and coding analysts that do not wish to participate on the study,
2. Residents rotating through the a particular surigcal rotation more than once after being part of the intervention arm.

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: OTHER
• Allocation: RANDOMIZED
• Interventional Model: PARALLEL
• Masking: SINGLE

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
EXPERIMENTAL: R Education; Invervention: Resident who receives education on documentation and coding at the beginning of the surgical rotation	Other: Resident education on documentation and coding; Surgery residents will receive education on documentation and coding at the beginning of a particular surgical rotation vs the control group who will receive no education on documentation
NO_INTERVENTION: R no Education; Resident who does not receive information on documentation and coding at the beginning of the surgical rotation

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Coding Analyst Quota	the number of charts translated into ICD-9 and CPT codes per day	up to 72 weeks
Coding Analyst Satisfaction	This will be assessed by administering the Maslach Burnout inventory validated survey	up to 72 weeks

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Relative Value Unit	RVU data reports will be generated on a monthly basis	up to 72 weeks
Diagnosis Related Groups	DRG data reports will be generated on a monthly basis	up to 72 weeks
Resident self-efficacy	Self-efficacy will be measured through a survey at the beginning and end of the surgical rotation	up to 36 weeks

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Baylor College of Medicine
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Panagiotis Kougias, MD, Baylor College of Medicine

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Yount KW, Reames BN, Kensinger CD, Boeck MA, Thompson PW, Forrester JD, Upchurch GR Jr, Gauger PG, Kron IL, Lau CL. Resident awareness of documentation requirements and reimbursement: a multi-institutional survey. Ann Thorac Surg. 2014 Mar;97(3):858-64; discussion 864. doi: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2013.09.100. Epub 2013 Dec 4.
• Fakhry SM. Billing, coding, and documentation in the critical care environment. Surg Clin North Am. 2000 Jun;80(3):1067-83. doi: 10.1016/s0039-6109(05)70114-6.
• Fakhry SM, Robinson L, Hendershot K, Reines HD. Surgical residents' knowledge of documentation and coding for professional services: an opportunity for a focused educational offering. Am J Surg. 2007 Aug;194(2):263-7. doi: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2006.11.031.
• Benke JR, Lin SY, Ishman SL. Directed educational training improves coding and billing skills for residents. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2013 Mar;77(3):399-401. doi: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2012.11.039. Epub 2012 Dec 29.
• Russo R, Fitzgerald SP, Eveland JD, Fuchs BD, Redmon DP. Improving physician clinical documentation quality: evaluating two self-efficacy-based training programs. Health Care Manage Rev. 2013 Jan-Mar;38(1):29-39. doi: 10.1097/HMR.0b013e31824c4c61.
• Lusco VC, Martinez SA, Polk HC Jr. Program directors in surgery agree that residents should be formally trained in business and practice management. Am J Surg. 2005 Jan;189(1):11-3. doi: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2004.05.002.

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (ACTUAL): April 14, 2015
• Primary Completion (ANTICIPATED): September 1, 2020
• Study Completion (ANTICIPATED): December 1, 2020

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: March 16, 2020
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: August 28, 2020
• First Posted (ACTUAL): September 4, 2020

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (ACTUAL): September 4, 2020
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: August 28, 2020
• Last Verified: August 1, 2020

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Other Study ID Numbers: H-35600

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No