AT GOAL: Adopting Technology for Glucose Optimization and Lifestyle in Pregnancy

Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Pregnant Patients With Type 2 Diabetes, a Mixed Methods Approach

This study will assess differences in patient preferences and glucose control between continuous glucose monitoring and standard glucose checks in pregnant patients with Type 2 Diabetes. 40 participants will be on study for approximately 182 days (26 weeks).

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Type2Diabetes; Pregnancy in Diabetic
• Intervention / Treatment: Device: Dexcom G6 CGM; Other: Participant Finger Stick Glucose Monitoring

Detailed Description

This pilot single site randomized control trial will compare the blood glucose control and participant satisfaction scores of continuous glucose monitoring vs standard glucose checks in pregnant women with a prior diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes.

The study population will consist of 40 women who are less than 20 weeks pregnant at time of enrollment who have a pre-pregnancy diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes. Participants will be randomized to one of two treatment arms.

• Arm 1: Placement of Dexcom G6 continuous glucose monitor for glucose monitoring for duration of pregnancy
• Arm 2: Continuation of standard glucose finger sticks with placement of a blinded Dexcom Pro G6 continuous glucose sensor for two ten day periods (at enrollment and again at 28-32 weeks gestation)

Participant accrual will occur over 18 months at 1 site. Participants will complete 3 study visits, all of which will be in conjunction with previously scheduled prenatal or diabetes visits: at the time of consent (less than 20 weeks gestation), 28-32 weeks gestation, and 2-6 weeks postpartum.. Surveys will be administered at each time point. At the final visit, patients will be asked for participate in a 2-5 minute directed interview as well.

• Primary Objective

  • To examine the feasibility of completing a study to assess for differences in patient preferences and glucose control between continuous glucose monitoring and standard glucose checks in pregnant patients with Type 2 Diabetes.

• Secondary Objectives

  • To estimate the effect of continuous glucose monitoring devices placed prior to 20 weeks in pregnancy in patients with Type 2 diabetes on time in range, as measured between 28-32 weeks of pregnancy.
  • To assess patient satisfaction to continuous glucose monitoring during pregnancy
  • To estimate the effect of continuous glucose monitoring on the incidence of neonatal morbidity and mortality.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 16
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• United States
  • Wisconsin
    • Madison, Wisconsin, United States, 53715
      • University of Wisconsin

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 years to 45 years (Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Age greater than or equal to 18 years of age at enrollment
• Ability to consent in English
• Gestational age less than or equal to 19 weeks 6 days at enrollment
• Appropriate dating by certain LMP or ultrasound performed less than or equal to 19 weeks 6 day
• Diagnosis of Type 2 Diabetes less than or equal to 19 weeks 6 days
• Singleton gestation

Exclusion Criteria:

• Age less than 18 years of age at enrollment
• Lack of appropriate dating
• Multiple gestations
• Use of concentrated insulin at enrollment (ie U500)
• Preexisting CGM in place
• Chronic use of medications known to cause hyperglycemia, such as HIV antiretrovirals and inhaled, injectable and oral corticosteroids
• Be unwilling or unable to present to Center for Perinatal Care for visits

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Diagnostic
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: None (Open Label)

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: Arm 1: Continuous Glucose Monitor (CGM); CGM for duration of pregnancy.	Device: Dexcom G6 CGM; Dexcom 6 CGM, an FDA approved device. Sensors will be placed on the abdomen per package instruction to collect continuous glucose data. Experimental Group will wear CGM for the duration of their pregnancy. Control Group will have CGM data collected for 10 days at enrollment and at 28-32 weeks into their pregnancy.
Active Comparator: Arm 2: Point of Care Glucose Testing (POCT); Point of care finger sticks for glucose monitoring. At two time points during the study - at time of enrollment and at 28-32 weeks gestation, CGM sensor will be placed and remain in place for 10 days. Participant and Physician will be blinded to CGM data.	Device: Dexcom G6 CGM; Dexcom 6 CGM, an FDA approved device. Sensors will be placed on the abdomen per package instruction to collect continuous glucose data. Experimental Group will wear CGM for the duration of their pregnancy. Control Group will have CGM data collected for 10 days at enrollment and at 28-32 weeks into their pregnancy.; Other: Participant Finger Stick Glucose Monitoring; Standard of care for individual participant; Other Names: Glucose Monitor

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Feasibility: Number of Participants Who Complete the Study Within 24 Month Time Period	Completion of the study within the 24-month timeframe, including recruitment, randomization, retention, and completion of 36 out of 40 subjects will be a measure of how feasible the intervention is.	up to 24 months
Change in Qualitative Survey Answers to Assess Participant Thoughts and Experiences With Diabetes Management	Individualized postpartum interviews and qualitative surveys administered at each time point will be used to gather information about participants thoughts and experiences in both arms of the trial about their ability to manage diabetes in pregnancy. Interviews will be analyzed for theme and content. Higher numbers indicate higher satisfaction with diabetes management.	baseline, 12 weeks on study, and postpartum (up to 26 weeks on study)
Percentage of Time Where Blood Glucose is Between 70-140 Milligrams Per Deciliter (mg/dL) - Time in Range	The primary endpoint is the total time within range (blood glucose level 70-140 mg/dL). All CGM data will be extracted from the Dexcom server for analysis. This measure is used to determine if time in range (TIR) is a suitable clinical endpoint for a larger trial. TIR for both arms will be determined and 95% confidence intervals around the difference in means calculated. TIR will be considered suitable if the upper 95% confidence interval for the difference in means is greater than 5 units in favor of CGM.	Baseline, 26 weeks

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Rates of NICU Admission		up to 26 weeks
Qualitative Outcome: Semi-Structured Interviews to Explore How Glucose Monitoring Affects Participants Thoughts and Feelings	The interviews will be recorded and transcribed by the Survey Center and analyzed for theme and content by two reviewers for validity.	2-4 weeks postpartum (up to 26 weeks on study)
Number of Participants With Cesarean Delivery		approximately 20 weeks on study (at time of delivery)
Change in Hemoglobin A1c (Percentage) From Initiation to Third Trimester		baseline (approximately 20 weeks gestation), up to 12 weeks on study (up to 32 weeks gestation)
Percentage of Time Spent in Hyperglycemic Range	Hyperglycemic range is considered greater than 140 mg/dL. A very high hyperglycemic range is >250mg/dL.	up to 26 weeks
Percentage of Time Spent in Hypoglycemic Range	Hypoglycemic range is considered less than 70 mg/dL. Low is 55-70, very low is <54.	26 weeks
Rates of Gestational Hypertension	Gestational hypertension is defined as systolic blood pressure 140 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure 90 mg Hg on two occasions at least 4 hours apart.	up to approximately 20 weeks on study
Rates of Preeclampsia	Gestational hypertension plus either new-onset proteinuria [300 mg/24 hours, protein:creatinine 0.3 mg/dL], thrombocytopenia [platelet count<100,000/uL], elevated Aspartate transaminase or alanine transaminase [>2 upper limit of normal], renal insufficiency [serum creatinine>1.1 mg/dL or an unexplained doubling of creatinine], pulmonary edema, or cerebral or visual symptoms.	up to approximately 20 weeks on study
Rates of Polyhydramnios		up to approximately 20 weeks on study
Incidence of Neonatal Hypoglycemia		up to 26 weeks
Rates of Fetal Macrosomia	Actual birthweight greater than 95 percent by Fenton growth curve for newborns	up to 26 weeks
Rates of Spontaneous Preterm Delivery	Preterm delivery is considered less than 37 weeks.	up to approximately 17 weeks on study (less than 37 weeks gestation)
Satisfaction and Quality of Life Survey Scores (5-point Likert Scale)	Satisfaction and Quality of Life survey will be administered and answers will be compared between groups. Survey questions include answers on a 5-point Likert scale. Scores range from 15-75, where higher scores indicate lower satisfaction and quality of life, and lower scores indicate higher satisfaction and quality of life.	at enrollment, 28-32 weeks gestation (10 to 14 weeks on study), 2-4 weeks postpartum (up to 26 weeks on study)
Qualitative Outcome: Interviews to Understand Participant Sense of Control Around Glucose Monitoring	Explore if traditional management versus continuous glucose management has higher feelings of control over diabetes management. The interviews will be recorded and transcribed by the Survey Center and analyzed for theme and content by two reviewers for validity.	2-4 weeks postpartum (up to 26 weeks on study)
Satisfaction and Quality of Life Survey - How Satisfied Are You Currently With the Amount of Time it Takes to Manage Your Diabetes?	A custom survey for Satisfaction and Quality of Life will be administered and answers will be compared between groups. Questions include answers on a 7-point Likert scale, where 1 = very dissatisfied and 7 = very satisfied	at enrollment, 28-32 weeks gestation (10 to 14 weeks on study), 2-4 weeks postpartum (up to 26 weeks on study)
Satisfaction and Quality of Life Survey - How Satisfied Are You With the Time it Takes to Determine Your Sugar Level?	A custom survey for Satisfaction and Quality of Life will be administered and answers will be compared between groups. Questions include answers on a 7-point Likert scale, where 1 = very dissatisfied and 7 = very satisfied	at enrollment, 28-32 weeks gestation (10 to 14 weeks on study), 2-4 weeks postpartum (up to 26 weeks on study)
Satisfaction and Quality of Life Survey - How Satisfied Are You With the Total Time it Has Taken to Manage Your Diabetes Over the Last 2 Weeks?	A custom survey for Satisfaction and Quality of Life will be administered and answers will be compared between groups. Questions include answers on a 7-point Likert scale, where 1 = very dissatisfied and 7 = very satisfied	at enrollment, 28-32 weeks gestation (10 to 14 weeks on study), 2-4 weeks postpartum (up to 26 weeks on study)
Satisfaction and Quality of Life Survey - How Satisfied Are You With Your Current Diabetes Treatment?	A custom survey for Satisfaction and Quality of Life will be administered and answers will be compared between groups. Questions include answers on a 7-point Likert scale, where 1 = very dissatisfied and 7 = very satisfied	at enrollment, 28-32 weeks gestation (10 to 14 weeks on study), 2-4 weeks postpartum (up to 26 weeks on study)
Satisfaction and Quality of Life Survey - How Satisfied Are You With Time Spent Getting Checkups for Your Diabetes?	A custom survey for Satisfaction and Quality of Life will be administered and answers will be compared between groups. Questions include answers on a 7-point Likert scale, where 1 = very dissatisfied and 7 = very satisfied	at enrollment, 28-32 weeks gestation (10 to 14 weeks on study), 2-4 weeks postpartum (up to 26 weeks on study)

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: University of Wisconsin, Madison
• Collaborators: DexCom, Inc.
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Jacquelyn H Adams, MD, UW School of Medicine and Public Health

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): August 8, 2022
• Primary Completion (Actual): October 6, 2024
• Study Completion (Actual): October 6, 2024

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: May 6, 2022
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: May 6, 2022
• First Posted (Actual): May 11, 2022

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): March 31, 2026
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: March 10, 2026
• Last Verified: March 1, 2026

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Urogenital Diseases; Female Urogenital Diseases and Pregnancy Complications; Pregnancy Complications; Pregnancy in Diabetics
• Other Study ID Numbers: 2025-1028; A532860 (Other Identifier: UW Madison); 2022-0459 (UW-Madison IRB); 2022-028 (Other Identifier: Unity Point Health - Meriter); Protocol Version 3/18/2024 (Other Identifier: Unity Point Health - Meriter)

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: NO

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: Yes
• product manufactured in and exported from the U.S.: No