The Effect of Irregular Meal Pattern Providing Hypo-energetic Diet on Energy Expenditure and Metabolism

The Effect of Irregular Meal Pattern Providing Hypo-energetic Diet on Energy Expenditure, Metabolism and Circadian Rhythm: a Randomized Controlled Trial

In this study we will compare the effect of two different meal patterns. Firstly, participants will consume a diet providing their estimated energy requirement for a 7 day standardisation period (6 meals per day). After a one day laboratory visit, this will be followed by a 14 day intervention period when participants will randomly follow a regular meal pattern (6 meals/d) or an irregular meal pattern (3-9 meals/d). Following a further laboratory visit day, they will then consume the previous standardisation diet for a further 3 days. The energy intake provided will be calculated to provide less energy than subjects are using which may result in approximately 2kg of weight loss. Participants will attend a screening visit in which they will complete questionnaires on medical health, eating habits and physical activity. In the laboratory visit, participants will be fasting and for 3 h after intake of a test drink, measurements will be taken of energy expenditure, fasting glucose, fasting gut hormones, fasting lipids and fasting insulin. A test meal will be offered. A questionnaire of subjective appetite ratings will be assessed while fasting, after the test drink, after the test meal, and during the intervention. Continuous interstitial glucose monitoring will be undertaken during the whole study period, Core body temperature will be measured before and after the intervention period. Also, wrist temperature will be measured during the whole study period.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Obesity; Metabolic Disturbance
• Intervention / Treatment: Other: Regular meal pattern; Other: Irregular meal pattern

Detailed Description

Experimental protocol:

28 women who are a healthy weight or overweight (aged 18-45 years) will be recruited to a randomized parallel trial to follow one of two 14-d hypo-energetic diets. Firstly, participants will consume a diet providing their estimated energy requirement (6 meals/day) for a 7 day standardisation period. After a one day laboratory visit, this will be followed by a 14 day intervention period when participants will follow a regular meal pattern (6 meals/d) or an irregular meal pattern (3-9 meals/d) (energy deficit of 800kcal/ 24h in both diets) (identical foods provided on both interventions whilst otherwise free living). Following a further laboratory visit day, they will then consume the previous standardisation diet providing their estimated energy requirement (6 meals/day) for a further 3 days. All foods to be consumed during the study will be provided to free of charge. These will comprise foods commonly consumed in the British diet and will be consumed in amounts designed to provide 800kcal/24h less than estimated energy requirements in the intervention period. Participants will attend the laboratory visits fasting and a blood sample will be obtained for fasting glucose, insulin and lipids. A test drink will then be given and over the following three hours measurements will be taken of energy expenditure (TEF). An ad libitum pasta test meal will be offered three hours after the test drink has been given. Subjective appetite ratings will be assessed while fasting, after the test drink, after the ad libitum meal, and during the intervention. Continuous interstitial glucose monitoring will be undertaken throughout the study. Ambulatory activity pattern measurement will be assessed in the intervention period. Core body temperature will be measured during the last 3 days of the first standardisation period, and during the final three standardisation days. Peripheral body temperature will be measured throughout the study period using a small i- button secured to the wrist. The study will commence at the early phase of the menstrual cycle (days1-7). A constant sleep-wake (and light exposure) routine will be followed for the whole study period which will be assessed by a written questionnaire form

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 4
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• United Kingdom
  • Nottinghamshire
    • Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, United Kingdom, NG7 2RD
      • The University of Nottingham

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 years to 45 years (ADULT)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: Yes
• Genders Eligible for Study: All

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• BMI between 18.5 and 30 kg/m2,
• Age between 18 and 45y,
• Non-smokers,
• Non high-alcohol consumers (≥ 14 units/week),
• Regular menstruation or on the oral contraceptive pills,
• Their weight is stable during the previous 3 months,
• No self-reported history of serious medical conditions and not under medication.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Pregnant or lactating women
• Smokers
• High-alcohol consumers (≥ 14 units/week)
• Subjects with high score for depression using Becks Depression Inventory
• subjects Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26) score >20
• Subjects who on diet or seeking to lose weight
• Subjects with high consumption of coffee or tea > 3 cups/day

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: PREVENTION
• Allocation: RANDOMIZED
• Interventional Model: PARALLEL
• Masking: NONE

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
EXPERIMENTAL: Regular meal pattern; Participants will follow a regular meal pattern for 14 days	Other: Regular meal pattern; 6 meals every day
EXPERIMENTAL: Irregular meal pattern; Participants will follow an irregular meal pattern for 14 days	Other: Irregular meal pattern; It consists of consuming a different number of meals every day (between 3 and 9).

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Change from baseline thermic effect of food in kcal at 2 weeks intervention	Indirect calorimetry (GEM system; Europa Scientific Ltd.) will be used to determine the resting energy expenditure (REE) and thermic effect of food (TEF). REE will be measured in the fasted state for 20 min. The TEF will be measured for periods of 15 min at 30-min intervals during the 3 h after test drink (milkshake) consumption.	Over 3 hours for 2 days

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Change from baseline body Weight in kilograms at 2 weeks intervention	Body weight	1 day before intervention and 1 day after intervention
Change in subjective appetite	a booklet will be given to record the subjective appetite (hunger, fullness and desire to eat) using visual analogue scales (VAS) before and after each single meal on: The last day of the pre-standardization period,; The first day of the post-intervention period.; Pre-lab visit day.; Post-lab visit day.; Day 7 during the intervention period.; Day 14 during intervention period.	2 days in lab visit, 1 day pre-intervention standardization period, 1 day post-intervention standardization period and 2 days in intervention period
Continuous interstitial glucose	Continuous interstitial glucose will be undertaken using a continuous glucose monitor (CGM) the FreeStyle Libre System during the whole study period	26 days
Change from baseline fasting glucose in mmol/L at 2 weeks intervention	A fasting blood samples will be taken, just before ingestion of the test drink to assess the mean of the fasting sample of serum glucose	1 day before intervention and 1 day after intervention
Change from baseline fasting insulin in mlU/L at 2 weeks intervention	A fasting blood samples will be taken, just before ingestion of the test drink to assess the mean of the fasting sample of serum insulin	1 day before intervention and 1 day after intervention
Change from baseline fasting lipids in mmol/L at 2 weeks intervention	A fasting blood samples will be taken, just before ingestion of the test drink to assess the mean of the fasting sample of serum total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and triacylglycerol.	1 day before intervention and 1 day after intervention
Change from baseline fasting glucagon-like peptide1 in pM at 2 weeks intervention	A fasting blood samples will be taken, just before ingestion of the test drink to assess the mean of the fasting plasma glucagon-like peptide1(GLP-1).	1 day before intervention and 1 day after intervention
Change from baseline fasting peptide YY in pg/ml at 2 weeks intervention	A fasting blood samples will be taken, just before ingestion of the test drink to assess the mean of the fasting plasma peptide YY (PYY).	1 day before intervention and 1 day after intervention
Change from baseline fasting ghrelin in pg/ml at 2 weeks intervention	A fasting blood samples will be taken, just before ingestion of the test drink to assess the mean of the fasting plasma ghrelin.	1 day before intervention and 1 day after intervention
Change from baseline core body temperature in Celsius at 2 weeks intervention	Core temperature will be assessed using an ingestible telemetry pill and associated monitor (e-Celsius Performance pill and monitor e-Celcius™ BodyCap).	3 days in pre and post intervention
Peripheral wrist temperature in Celsius	Wrist temperature will be assessed through a wireless iButton data logger	26 days

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: University of Nottingham

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Alhussain MH, Macdonald IA, Taylor MA. Irregular meal-pattern effects on energy expenditure, metabolism, and appetite regulation: a randomized controlled trial in healthy normal-weight women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2016 Jul;104(1):21-32. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.115.125401. Epub 2016 Jun 15.
• Farshchi HR, Taylor MA, Macdonald IA. Regular meal frequency creates more appropriate insulin sensitivity and lipid profiles compared with irregular meal frequency in healthy lean women. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2004 Jul;58(7):1071-7. doi: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601935.
• Farshchi HR, Taylor MA, Macdonald IA. Decreased thermic effect of food after an irregular compared with a regular meal pattern in healthy lean women. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2004 May;28(5):653-60. doi: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802616.
• Farshchi HR, Taylor MA, Macdonald IA. Beneficial metabolic effects of regular meal frequency on dietary thermogenesis, insulin sensitivity, and fasting lipid profiles in healthy obese women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005 Jan;81(1):16-24. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/81.1.16.

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (ACTUAL): December 15, 2021
• Primary Completion (ACTUAL): September 30, 2022
• Study Completion (ACTUAL): September 30, 2022

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: September 21, 2022
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: October 3, 2022
• First Posted (ACTUAL): October 6, 2022

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (ACTUAL): November 2, 2022
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: November 1, 2022
• Last Verified: November 1, 2022

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Other Study ID Numbers: 473- 2001

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: YES
• IPD Plan Description: Only anonymised individual personal data will be shared, upon specific request from other researchers, for example, in order to undertake a meta-analysis
• IPD Sharing Time Frame: When requested
• IPD Sharing Access Criteria: On receipt of requests, data will be made accessible if agreed by the University of Nottingham
• IPD Sharing Supporting Information Type: STUDY_PROTOCOL; SAP; ICF; ANALYTIC_CODE; CSR

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No