Aerosolized Sargramostim Added to Immunotherapy for the Treatment of Patients With Metastatic Melanoma to the Lung

Aerosolized Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor (Sargramostim) in Combination With Anti-PD1 Therapy for the Treatment of Metastatic Melanoma to the Lung

This phase II trial tests the safety, best dose, and effectiveness of inhaled aerosolized sargramostim in combination with standard immunotherapy (nivolumab) for the treatment of patients with melanoma that has spread from where it first started (primary site) to the lung (metastatic to the lung). Sargramostim works to stimulate the immune system by prompting the bone marrow to produce more white blood cells. Immunotherapy with monoclonal antibodies, such as nivolumab, may help the body's immune system attack the cancer, and may interfere with the ability of tumor cells to grow and spread. In this study, an aerosolized form of sargramostim is inhaled using a device called a nebulizer, which can deliver the drug directly to the lungs. Inhalation of aerosolized sargramostim in combination with nivolumab may be more effective at treating patients melanoma metastatic to the lung.

Study Overview

• Status: Withdrawn
• Conditions: Metastatic Melanoma; Recurrent Melanoma; Unresectable Melanoma; Clinical Stage IV Cutaneous Melanoma AJCC v8; Metastatic Malignant Neoplasm in the Lung
• Intervention / Treatment: Biological: Nivolumab; Procedure: Biospecimen Collection; Procedure: Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Procedure: Computed Tomography; Biological: Aerosol Sargramostim; Other: Medical Device Usage and Evaluation

Detailed Description

PRIMARY OBJECTIVE:

I. To determine feasibility, safety (maximum tolerated dose, MTD), and/or the maximally immunologically effective dose of aerosolized sargramostim (aSAR) administered as an inhalation in combination with nivolumab for the treatment of patients with metastatic malignant melanoma with evidence of pulmonary metastases.

SECONDARY OBJECTIVES:

I. To assess the pharmacodynamics of inhaled aSAR administered in combination with nivolumab for the treatment of metastatic malignant melanoma.

II. To gather preliminary data on the clinical efficacy of aSAR + nivolumab therapy as 2nd line treatment for patients with metastatic melanoma.

OUTLINE: This is a dose escalation study of aerosolized sargramostim.

Patients receive aerosolized sargramostim via inhalation using the Aerogen Solo nebulization device and receive nivolumab intravenously (IV) on study. Patients also undergo collection of blood samples on study and undergo computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at screening and on study.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Phase: Phase 1

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• United States
  • Minnesota
    • Rochester, Minnesota, United States, 55905
      • Mayo Clinic in Rochester

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 years and older (Adult, Older Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Age >= 18 years
• Measurable disease by Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) version (v)1.1 as defined
• Confirmed diagnosis of unresectable stage IV metastatic melanoma involving the lungs (at least) that has progressed after at least ONE line of Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved therapy (either immune checkpoint inhibitor or targeted therapy) OR relapse of melanoma following/during FDA-approved adjuvant or neo-adjuvant therapy
• Hemoglobin >= 8.0 g/dL (obtained =< 15 days prior to registration)
• Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) >= 1500/mm^3 (obtained =< 15 days prior to registration)
• Platelet count >= 75,000/mm^3 (obtained =< 15 days prior to registration)
• Total bilirubin =< 1.5 x upper limit of normal (ULN) (obtained =< 15 days prior to registration)
• Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) AND aspartate aminotransferase (AST) =< 3.0 x ULN (obtained =< 15 days prior to registration)
• Serum creatinine =< 2.0 x ULN (obtained =< 15 days prior to registration)
• Calculated creatinine clearance >= 40 ml/min using the Cockcroft-Gault formula (obtained =< 15 days prior to registration)
• Pulse oximetry at rest > 90% without use of supplemental oxygen
• Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status (PS) 0 or 1
• Negative pregnancy test done =< 7 days prior to registration, for persons of childbearing potential only
• Persons able to become pregnant OR able to father a child must be willing to use an adequate method of contraception while on treatment and for 180 days (6 months) after last treatment dose on this study
• Provide written informed consent
• Willingness to provide mandatory blood specimens for correlative research
• Willing to return to enrolling institution for follow-up (during the active monitoring phase of the study)

Exclusion Criteria:

• Active pulmonary disease requiring ongoing medication

  • NOTE: Stable chronic medication for asthma/chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is allowed
• Metastatic uveal melanoma

• Any of the following because this study involves an investigational agent the genotoxic, mutagenic, and teratogenic effects of which on the developing fetus and newborn are unknown:

  • Pregnant persons
  • Nursing persons
  • Persons of childbearing potential who are unwilling to employ adequate contraception
  • Persons expecting to conceive or father children during the study or within 180 days (6 months) after the last treatment on this study

• Active central nervous system (CNS) metastases not previously treated

  • NOTE: Patients with history of previously treated CNS metastases, not demonstrating evidence of progression for at least 8 weeks will be allowed
  • NOTE: Patients with leptomeningeal metastases are not eligible

• Any of the following prior therapies:

  • Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT)
  • Solid organ transplantation
• Co-morbid systemic illnesses or other severe concurrent disease which, in the judgment of the investigator, would make the patient inappropriate for entry into this study or interfere significantly with the proper assessment of safety and toxicity of the prescribed regimens

• Immunocompromised patients and patients known to be human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive and currently receiving antiretroviral therapy

  • NOTE: Patients known to be HIV positive, but without clinical evidence of an immunocompromised state, are eligible for this trial

• Active autoimmune disease requiring current systemic treatment with immunosuppressive or immune modulatory agents

  • NOTE: Exceptions are allowed for the following conditions:

    • Vitiligo
    • Resolved childhood asthma/atopy
    • Intermittent use of bronchodilators or inhaled steroids
    • Daily steroids at dose of =< 10mg of prednisone (or equivalent)
    • Local steroid injections
    • Stable hypothyroidism on replacement therapy
    • Stable diabetes mellitus on therapy (with or without insulin)
    • Sjogren's syndrome
    • Replacement therapy (e.g., thyroxine, insulin, or physiologic corticosteroid replacement therapy for adrenal or pituitary insufficiency, etc.) which is not considered a form of systemic treatment and is allowed

• Known uncontrolled intercurrent illness including, but not limited to:

  • Ongoing or active infection requiring systemic therapy
  • Serious, chronic gastrointestinal conditions associated with diarrhea (e.g., Crohn's disease or others)
  • Symptomatic congestive heart failure
  • Unstable angina pectoris
  • Unstable cardiac arrhythmia or
  • Psychiatric illness/social situations that would limit compliance with study requirements (e.g., known substance abuse)
• Receiving any other investigational agent which would be considered as a treatment for the primary neoplasm
• History of severe hypersensitivity reactions to sargramostim or monoclonal antibodies
• Prior history of grade 4 immune related adverse event (irAE) with prior immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy or failure to recover (< grade 1) from immune-related adverse event(s) from prior ICI therapy

• Failure to recover from adverse events related to any of the following therapies prior to registration:

  • Chemotherapy
  • Immunotherapy
  • Targeted therapies (e.g., dabrafenib)
  • Other investigational agents
  • Radiation therapy

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Treatment
• Allocation: N/A
• Interventional Model: Single Group Assignment
• Masking: None (Open Label)

Number of Arms

1

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm

Intervention / Treatment

Experimental: Treatment (aerosolized sargramostim, nivolumab); Patients receive aerosolized sargramostim via inhalation using the Aerogen Solo nebulization device and receive nivolumab IV on study. Patients also undergo collection of blood samples on study and undergo CT or MRI at screening and on study.

Biological: Nivolumab; Given IV; Other Names: BMS-936558; MDX-1106; NIVO; ONO-4538; Opdivo; CMAB819; Nivolumab Biosimilar CMAB819; Procedure: Biospecimen Collection; Undergo collection of blood samples; Other Names: Biological Sample Collection; Biospecimen Collected; Specimen Collection; Procedure: Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Undergo MRI; Other Names: MRI; Magnetic Resonance; Magnetic Resonance Imaging Scan; Medical Imaging, Magnetic Resonance / Nuclear Magnetic Resonance; MR; MR Imaging; MRI Scan; NMR Imaging; NMRI; Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Procedure: Computed Tomography; Undergo CT; Other Names: CT; CAT; CAT Scan; Computed Axial Tomography; Computerized Axial Tomography; Computerized Tomography; CT Scan; tomography; Biological: Aerosol Sargramostim; Given via inhalation with nebulizer; Other Names: Aerosol GM-CSF; Other: Medical Device Usage and Evaluation; Use Aerogen Solo nebulization device

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Maximum tolerated dose (MTD)	The MRD is the dose level where at most 1 of the 6 patients treated at that dose level develops a dose-limiting event during the first cycle of treatment.	During the first cycle of treatment (each Cycle = 28 ±3 days)
Incidence of adverse events	Adverse events will be identified using Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 5.0. The maximum grade of each type of adverse event will be recorded for each patient. For each adverse event reported by dose level, the percentage of patients developing any degree of that adverse event as well as the percentage of patients developing a severe degree (grade 3 or higher) will be determined.	Up to 30 days after last treatment
Progression-free survival (PFS)	PFS distribution will be estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method.	Time from study entry to the documentation of disease progression, assessed up to 2 years after registration
Overall survival (OS)	OS distribution will be estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method.	Time from study entry to death, assessed up to 2 years after registration

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Mayo Clinic
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Svetomir N. Markovic, M.D., Ph.D., Mayo Clinic in Rochester

Publications and helpful links

Helpful Links

• Mayo Clinic Clinical Trials

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Estimated): October 28, 2025
• Primary Completion (Estimated): January 28, 2026
• Study Completion (Estimated): January 28, 2026

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: January 20, 2023
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: January 30, 2023
• First Posted (Actual): February 8, 2023

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): August 7, 2025
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: August 4, 2025
• Last Verified: August 1, 2025

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Neoplasms by Site; Neoplasms by Histologic Type; Skin Diseases; Neuroectodermal Tumors; Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal; Neoplasms, Nerve Tissue; Neuroendocrine Tumors; Nevi and Melanomas; Skin Neoplasms; Neoplasms; Melanoma; Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological; Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors; Antineoplastic Agents; Immunologic Factors; Physiological Effects of Drugs; Molecular Mechanisms of Pharmacological Action; Nivolumab; Sargramostim
• Other Study ID Numbers: MC210704; NCI-2023-00102 (Registry Identifier: CTRP (Clinical Trial Reporting Program)); 22-002362 (Other Identifier: Mayo Clinic Institutional Review Board)

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: Yes
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No
• product manufactured in and exported from the U.S.: No