The Effect of Portable AR on Tooth Brushing Skill for Elementary School Students

The aim of this study An augmented reality (AR) simulation toothbrushing machine was developed to train proper brushing technique for children. The investigators aimed to evaluate the effects of AR brushing machine on knowledge of dental clearing skill, self-efficacy and dental plaque control in elementary schoolchildren in Taiwan.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Healthy
• Intervention / Treatment: Device: AR-toothbrush machine; Behavioral: Teach proper brushing skills

Detailed Description

A quasi-experimental design was conducted; ten intervention schools (AR group) and ten comparison schools were selected from elementary schools. Overall, grade 3-6 students in the AR group (n = 290) and the traditional group (n = 311), respectively. Students in the AR group received a two-time repeated AR-based training for 30 minutes at two-week intervals. Students in the CG received traditional classroom-based teaching. Baseline and follow-ups information was collected using dental plaque examinations and questionnaires. The generalized estimating equations(GEE) were used to evaluate the outcomes between two groups over time.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 601
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• Taiwan
  • Kaohsiung, Taiwan, 807
    • Kaohsiung Medical University Chung-Ho Memorial Hospital

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: Child
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: Yes

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Primary school students 3 to 6 grades

Exclusion Criteria:

• Schoolchildren with disability certification.
• Schoolchildren with congenital severe oral diseases (eg. cleft lip and palate )
• Disability to operate the AR system

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Prevention
• Allocation: Non-Randomized
• Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: None (Open Label)

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: AR group; Student in AR group received a two-time repeated AR-based training for 30 minutes at two-week intervals.	Device: AR-toothbrush machine; Student in AR group received a two-time repeated AR-based training for 30 minutes at two-week intervals. The AR-based training system (PVIX Oral, EPED) digitized the steps of the toothbrushing technique applying optical tracking technology to enable the participants to obtain immediate scoring after the completion of practice. The scoring depends on the level of removing simulated dental plaque. The AR system was equipped with an optical tracking unit, a 3D training head model, and a wireless toothbrush. The toothbrushing practice time for the upper and lower jaw is 3 minutes, respectively. A tooth-brushing song played while the students implemented.
Experimental: traditional group; Students in the traditional group received a two-time repeated 10-minute lesson regarding proper toothbrushing skills in the classroom at two-week intervals.	Behavioral: Teach proper brushing skills; Students in the traditional group received a two-time repeated 10-minute lesson regarding proper toothbrushing skills in the classroom at two-week intervals. The students were taught by a well-trained dental hygienist using teaching aids (such as dental models, and toothbrushes).

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Plaque Control Record (PCR)	Each tooth is divided into six surfaces, and the PCR record is calculated ( range 0-100% )	Change from Baseline at 2-week after intervention
Plaque Control Record (PCR)	Each tooth is divided into six surfaces, and the PCR record is calculated ( range 0-100% )	Change from Baseline at 4-week after intervention
Self-efficacy	2 questions , e.g: I feel confident.Response 1 = strongly disagree 2 = Disagree 3 = Normal 4 = agree 5 = strongly agree	Change from Baseline at 2-week after intervention
Self-efficacy	2 questions , e.g: I feel confident.Response 1 = strongly disagree 2 = Disagree 3 = Normal 4 = agree 5 = strongly agree	Change from Baseline at 4-week after intervention
Skill of Toothbrushing	5 questions , e.g: The toothbrush is pressed against the gums at a 45-degree angle.Response multiple choice	Change from Baseline at 2-week after intervention
Skill of Toothbrushing	5 questions , e.g: The toothbrush is pressed against the gums at a 45-degree angle.Response multiple choice	Change from Baseline at 4-week after intervention

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Kaohsiung Medical University Chung-Ho Memorial Hospital
• Collaborators: National Sun Yat-sen University

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): November 25, 2021
• Primary Completion (Actual): May 20, 2022
• Study Completion (Actual): May 20, 2022

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: July 11, 2023
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: July 19, 2023
• First Posted (Actual): July 21, 2023

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): July 21, 2023
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: July 19, 2023
• Last Verified: November 1, 2021

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: dental plaque; schoolchildren; Augmented reality
• Other Study ID Numbers: KMUHIRB-SV(I)-20200073

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No