Different Menstrual Cycle in Eating Behavior Following Resistance Exercise

The Effects of Resistance Exercise on Appetite Control, Food Reward, and Energy Intake in Different Menstrual Cycles

The study aims to provide insights into how menstrual cycle phases impact appetite responses to resistance exercise in young women. Healthy young women will participate in four trials: the exercise session in the follicular phase, the exercise session in the luteal phase, the control session in the follicular phase, and the control session in the luteal phase. Various measurements will be taken, including subjective appetite perceptions, appetite hormones, food preferences, lactate levels, estradiol levels, progesterone levels, and energy intake.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Menstruation; Appetitive Behavior; Food Reward; Energy Balance
• Intervention / Treatment: Other: Resistance exercise

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 18
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• Taiwan
  • Taipei, Taiwan, 106
    • National Taiwan Normal University

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: Adult
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: Yes

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Age: 20-30
• Healthy female with normal menstruation
• Weight stable for at least 6 months

Exclusion Criteria:

• Overweight (BMI > 30 kg/m^2 or body fat > 30%)
• Hypertension (> 140/90 mmHg)
• Cardiovascular disease, cancer or other chronic diseases

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Treatment
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Crossover Assignment
• Masking: None (Open Label)

Number of Arms

4

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: The exercise in the follicular phase (EF); Resistance exercise during the early-follicular phase (approximately during days 1-7 of the menstrual cycle).	Other: Resistance exercise; Resistance exercises in the following order: squat, bench press, deadlift. Each exercise consisted of 3 sets with 7 repetitions, using a load of 70% 1RM with 120sec of rest between sets.
Experimental: The exercise in the luteal phase (EL); Resistance exercise during the mid-luteal phase (approximately during days 18-25 of the menstrual cycle).	Other: Resistance exercise; Resistance exercises in the following order: squat, bench press, deadlift. Each exercise consisted of 3 sets with 7 repetitions, using a load of 70% 1RM with 120sec of rest between sets.
No Intervention: The control in the follicular phase (CF); Sit and rest during the early-follicular phase (approximately during days 1-7 of the menstrual cycle).
No Intervention: The control in the luteal phase (CL); Sit and rest during the mid-luteal phase (approximately during days 18-25 of the menstrual cycle).

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Subjective appetite	The appetite perceptions are obtained through a 0-100 mm visual analog scale. The variables assessed include perceptions of hunger (i.e., "How hungry do you feel?"), satisfaction (i.e., "How satisfied do you feel?"), fullness (i.e., "How full do you feel?"), prospective food consumption (i.e., "How much do you think you can eat?"), and nausea (i.e., "How nauseous do you feel?"), with 0 indicating "not at all" and 100 signifying "extremely.".	4 hours during each study intervention
Change in acyl-Ghrelin	acyl-Ghrelin in pg/mL	4 hours during each study intervention
Change in total-Ghrelin	total-Ghrelin in pg/mL	4 hours during each study intervention
Change in PYY	PYY in pg/mL	4 hours during each study intervention
Change in active-GLP-1	active-GLP-1 in pg/mL	4 hours during each study intervention
Change in total-GLP-1	total-GLP-1 in pg/mL	4 hours during each study intervention
Change in lactate	insulin in mmol/L	4 hours during each study intervention

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Explicit liking	A visual analog scale ranging from 0 to 100 mm is utilized to evaluate the question, "How pleasant would it be to taste some of this food now?" with 0 indicating "not at all" and 100 signifying "extremely."	4 hours during each study intervention
Explicit wanting	A visual analog scale ranging from 0 to 100 mm is utilized to evaluate the question, "How much do you want some of this food now?" with 0 indicating "not at all" and 100 signifying "extremely."	4 hours during each study intervention
Implicit wanting	Participants are given a set of food image pairs and are asked to select their preference by answering the question, "Which food do you desire the most at the moment?". The implicit wanting calculation involves further consideration of response time data based on preference choices using a standardized equation.	4 hours during each study intervention
Relative preference	Participants are given a set of food image pairs and are asked to select their preference by answering the question, "Which food do you desire the most at the moment?". The relative preference is the sum of the times each type of food is chosen, with a maximum value of 48 and a minimum value of 0.	4 hours during each study intervention
Fat appeal bias	Fat preference (high or low) is calculated by subtracting the mean low-fat scores from the mean high-fat scores. Positive values suggest a preference for high-fat foods, while negative scores indicate a preference for low-fat or savory foods, and a score of 0 signifies an equal preference between fat content.	4 hours during each study intervention
Taste appeal bias	Taste preference (savoury or sweet) is calculated by subtracting the mean savory scores from the mean sweet scores. Positive values suggest a preference for sweet foods, while negative scores indicate a preference for savory foods, and a score of 0 signifies an equal preference between taste categories.	4 hours during each study intervention
Change in TG	TG in mg/dL	4 hours during each study intervention
Change in glucose	glucose in mg/dL	4 hours during each study intervention
Change in insulin	insulin in mU/L	4 hours during each study intervention
Sex hormones	Sex hormones will be measured, such as estrogen and progesterone	4 hours during each study intervention
Energy intake	Participants will be required to record their diet for the day before, the current day, and the day following the experiment.	3 days during each study intervention

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: National Taiwan Normal University
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Hung-wen Liu, Ph.D., National Taiwan Normal University

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): August 1, 2023
• Primary Completion (Actual): June 6, 2024
• Study Completion (Actual): June 6, 2024

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: January 4, 2024
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: January 15, 2024
• First Posted (Actual): January 17, 2024

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): June 7, 2024
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: June 6, 2024
• Last Verified: June 1, 2024

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: Early follicular phase; Mid-luteal phase
• Other Study ID Numbers: 202303HM002

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: NO

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No