Sarcopenia and Bone Mineral Density Relation in Hip Fracture Patients

July 12, 2024 updated by: Gamze Gul Gulec, Kastamonu University

Assessment of Sarcopenia and Bone Mineral Density Relation in Hip Fracture Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study by Using STAR Value

The study aims to investigate the relationship between sarcopenia and bone mineral density (BMD) in patients with hip fractures using sonographic thigh adjustment ratio (STAR) and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), as well as the relationship of sociodemographic factors, laboratory results, and comorbidities to these measurements.

Cross-sectional research was undertaken on patients with hip fractures in Kastamonu, Turkey. Sarcopenia was identified based on the ISarcoPRM algorithm, which utilizes poor grip strength (<22 kg for females and < 32 kg for males) along with low STAR values (< 1 for females and <1.4 for males). Sociodemographic data of the patients and levels of total protein, albumin, and 25-OH-vitamin D3 (25[OH]D) were obtained from all the patients. The BMD (bone mineral density) and T-scores of the proximal femur were measured using DXA (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry).

Study Overview

Status

Completed

Conditions

Detailed Description

Introduction

Sarcopenia is a progressive and common skeletal muscle disorder, that causes progressive loss of age-related muscle strength and mass, associated with an increased likelihood of outcomes such as falls, fractures, physical disability, and death. Estimates place the overall prevalence of sarcopenia in older adults at approximately 10-40%. Osteoporosis and sarcopenia, prevalent conditions of advanced age, have comparable etiologies and risk factors. The co-occurrence of these illnesses amplifies the incidence of falls, fractures, and mortality. While EWGSOP2 and AWGS guidelines recommend using validated technologies like bioimpedance analysis, dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging for evaluating sarcopenia, these may not be feasible in certain clinical situations. The International Society of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine (ISPRM) has suggested a different algorithm to diagnose sarcopenia by measuring anterior thigh muscle thickness using ultrasound (US). This method is easy to obtain, does not involve radiation, and is less expensive.

The study uses the sonographic thigh adjustment ratio (STAR) to look into the link between sarcopenia and bone mineral density (BMD) in people who have had a hip fracture. Additionally, the study explores the association between sociodemographic factors, laboratory results, comorbidities, and these measurements.

2. Material and Method

2.1. Study Design and Population

An observational cross-sectional study was conducted on hip fracture patients attending the orthopedic clinics of a tertiary hospital in Kastamonu, Turkey. The study was approved by the local Institutional Review Board (2024-KAEK-26- 01, February 7th, 2024). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants. Subjects were consecutively recruited during the first 24 hours of hospital stay from May to November 2023. Sarcopenia was diagnosed using the ISarcoPRM algorithm, which considers low grip strength and low STAR values. Inclusion criteria included the detection of low muscle strength with a hand dynamometer and patients scheduled for hip fracture surgery. Exclusion criteria included terminal disease, acute or chronic neuromuscular disease, and traumatic or pathological hip fracture.

2.2 Handgrip strength

Handgrip strength was measured using a Jamar dynamometer (Baseline Hydraulic Hand dynamometer, Irvington, NY) with participants performing two trials with both hands. The highest value obtained was used for analysis. Cut-off values for Turkish people were <22 kg for women and <32 kg for men.

2.3. Laboratory Data

The Kastamonu Research and Training Hospital Laboratory Service, a medical laboratory service with Turkey Accreditation System accreditation, performed laboratory analyses on-site. Total protein, albumin, and 25-OH-vitamin D3 (25[OH]D) levels were collected. The normal range for total protein is 6.6-8.3 g/dl, for albumin, it is 3.5-5.2 g/dl, and for 25[OH]D levels: deficient (<20 ng/dl), insufficient (20-30 ng/dl), or normal (>30 ng/dl).

2.4. Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA)

Non-fracture proximal femur neck BMD (g/cm2) and T-scores were obtained using the same DXA (Stratos DR (DMS) Mauguio, France). The World Health Organization (WHO) categorizes patients based on their lumbar spine, femoral neck, and/or total hip bone mineral density (BMD). Patients are classified as normal if their T score exceeds -1 standard deviation (SD), as osteopenic if it falls between -2.5 SD and -1 SD, and as osteoporotic if it equals or falls below - 2.5 SD. As only a small number of subjects presented with osteoporosis, "severe" osteopenia (-2.5 SD<T score ≤-2.0 SD) was added to the classification in our population.

2.5. Muscle Ultrasound(US) Measurements

Evaluation with the US (Mylab 25Gold, Esaote, Genova, Italy) was planned to be performed by the same clinicians using a 5-15 MHz linear probe in B mode, with the technique reported in previous studies. The thickness of the anterior thigh muscles was assessed in the non-fractured limb, between the anterior superior iliac spine and the proximal end of the patella with the patient lying in the supine position and the US probe placed perpendicularly with slight pressure. Once the muscle tissue was identified, the distance was measured between the femoral cortex and the most superficial muscle fascia (7). Measurements were obtained on two separate occasions by two different clinicians. The average value of a set of four consecutive measurements was calculated to assess the STAR value.

2.6. Sarcopenia Diagnosis

Sarcopenia was diagnosed according to the ISarcoPRM algorithm using low grip strength (< 22 kg for females and <32 kg for males) with low STAR values (<1 for females and <1.4 for males). The chair stand test, which is also recommended as a power and performance test to assess anterior thigh muscle function is unsuitable for this study's population with hip fractures. The STAR value was utilized to confirm the diagnosis. It is calculated by dividing the anterior thigh muscle thickness (mm) by the body mass value (kg/m2). According to prior research, the study used the established sonographic thigh adjustment ratio values of 1.0 for female patients and 1.4 for male subjects.

2.7. Statistical Analyses

Statistical analyses were performed with the SPSS v22 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) package. Quantitative data were summarized by mean ± standard deviation and median (minimum-maximum), while qualitative data were depicted as frequency and percentage. The Shapiro-Wilk test was performed to assess the normal distribution of the data, while the Levene test tested the homogeneity of variances. Two-sided independent t-tests were used to compare the mean for observations between sarcopenic and normal patients. Linear regressions and the Pearson coefficient were used to investigate associations and examine the relationship between parametric variables. Spearman's rho was used to investigate associations between nonparametric variables.

Study Type

Observational

Enrollment (Actual)

35

Contacts and Locations

This section provides the contact details for those conducting the study, and information on where this study is being conducted.

Study Locations

  • Turkey
      • Kastamonu, Turkey, 37150
        • Gamze Gül Güleç

Participation Criteria

Researchers look for people who fit a certain description, called eligibility criteria. Some examples of these criteria are a person's general health condition or prior treatments.

Eligibility Criteria

Ages Eligible for Study

  • Adult
  • Older Adult

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

No

Sampling Method

Probability Sample

Study Population

Hip fracture patients attending the orthopedic clinics of a tertiary hospital in Kastamonu, Turkey.

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

  1. the detection of low muscle strength with a hand dynamometer
  2. scheduled for hip fracture surgery.

Exclusion Criteria:

  1. terminal disease
  2. acute or chronic neuromuscular disease
  3. traumatic or pathological hip fracture.

Study Plan

This section provides details of the study plan, including how the study is designed and what the study is measuring.

How is the study designed?

Design Details

Cohorts and Interventions

Group / Cohort
hip fracture patients
this is a observational study. There is no intervention.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Bone Mineral Density (g/cm2)
Time Frame: baseline
Non-fracture proximal femur neck BMD (g/cm2) was obtained using the same DXA (Stratos DR (DMS), Mauguio, France)
baseline
Sonographic Thigh Adjustment Ratio (STAR) value
Time Frame: baseline
The study used the standard sonographic thigh adjustment ratio values of 1.0 for female patients and 1.4 for male patients. These values are found by dividing the thickness of the anterior thigh muscle (in mm) by the person's body mass (in kg/m2).
baseline
T-scores
Time Frame: baseline
A non-fracture proximal femur neck T score was obtained using the same DXA and is classified as normal if their T score exceeds -1 standard deviation (SD), as osteopenic if it falls between -2.5 SD and -1 SD, and as osteoporotic if it equals or falls below -2.5 SD.
baseline

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure
Time Frame
25[OH]D levels
Time Frame: baseline
baseline
Albumin levels
Time Frame: baseline
baseline
Protein levels
Time Frame: baseline
baseline

Collaborators and Investigators

This is where you will find people and organizations involved with this study.

Sponsor

Kastamonu University

Publications and helpful links

The person responsible for entering information about the study voluntarily provides these publications. These may be about anything related to the study.

General Publications

Study record dates

These dates track the progress of study record and summary results submissions to ClinicalTrials.gov. Study records and reported results are reviewed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to make sure they meet specific quality control standards before being posted on the public website.

Study Major Dates

Study Start (Actual)

May 1, 2023

Primary Completion (Actual)

November 1, 2023

Study Completion (Actual)

November 1, 2023

Study Registration Dates

First Submitted

July 8, 2024

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

July 12, 2024

First Posted (Actual)

July 18, 2024

Study Record Updates

Last Update Posted (Actual)

July 18, 2024

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

July 12, 2024

Last Verified

July 1, 2024

More Information

Terms related to this study

Keywords

Additional Relevant MeSH Terms

Other Study ID Numbers

  • 2024-KAEK-26- 01

Drug and device information, study documents

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product

No

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product

No

This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.

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