Timing and Resistance Exercise: Impact on Eating and Metabolism

The Efficacy of Exercise Timing - Effects of Resistance Exercise on Eating Behavior and Energy Metabolism

Exercise timing (morning or evening) for optimal weight control is a research topic urgently addressed by scholars in the relevant field. Due to the better control of energy metabolism and physical activity levels in the morning, existing research on resistance exercise and eating behavior primarily focuses on experiments conducted in the morning, with only one study in the afternoon. No research has yet compared the potential differences between morning and evening resistance exercise. A one-year study aims to investigate the impact of morning and evening resistance exercise on physiological metabolism and eating behavior. Eighteen healthy male participants will be randomly assigned to a crossover design study, including AM exercise, PM exercise, and control (rest condition) trials. Variables including subjective appetite, appetite hormones (ghrelin, peptide YY), food preferences, ad libitum eating, dietary records, energy expenditure, and PBMCs circadian rhythm genes will be measured. This preliminary study through a multidimensional observation, the results will contribute to understanding the potential differences and mechanisms of morning and evening resistance exercise on physiological metabolism and eating behavior. In practical applications, conducting resistance exercise in the evening or at night aligns better with current lifestyles. The findings of this study can support the optimization of exercise benefits by validating the choice of exercise timing.

Study Overview

• Status: Not yet recruiting
• Conditions: Circadian Rhythm; Appetitive Behavior; Food Reward; Energy Balance
• Intervention / Treatment: Other: The exercise in morning; Other: The exercise in evening

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Estimated): 18
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

• Study Contact: Name: Hung-Wen Liu, Ph.D.; Phone Number: +886 0277496863; Email: hwliu@ntnu.edu.tw

Study Locations

• Taiwan
  • Taipei, Taiwan, 106
    • National Taiwan Normal University
    • Contact: Hung Wen Liu, Ph.D.; Phone Number: +886 0277496863

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: Adult
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: Yes

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Age: 20-30
• weight stable for at least 6 months

Exclusion Criteria:

• Obesity (BMI > 30 kg/m² or body fat percentage > 25%)
• Hypertension (blood pressure over 140/90 mmHg)
• Heart disease
• Cancer
• Liver or kidney diseases
• Any other conditions that could potentially influence the study's outcomes

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Treatment
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Crossover Assignment
• Masking: None (Open Label)

Number of Arms

3

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: The exercise in morning; Resistance exercises are in the following order: squat, bench press, deadlift. Each exercise consists of 3 sets with 7 repetitions, using a load of 70% 1RM with 60 sec of rest between sets.	Other: The exercise in morning; Resistance exercises are in the following order: squat, bench press, deadlift. Each exercise consists of 3 sets with 7 repetitions, using a load of 70% 1RM with 60 sec of rest between sets. Exercise timing: AM 11:00-11:30
Experimental: The exercise in evening; Resistance exercises are in the following order: squat, bench press, deadlift. Each exercise consists of 3 sets with 7 repetitions, using a load of 70% 1RM with 60 sec of rest between sets.	Other: The exercise in evening; Resistance exercises are in the following order: squat, bench press, deadlift. Each exercise consists of 3 sets with 7 repetitions, using a load of 70% 1RM with 60 sec of rest between sets. Exercise timing: PM 05:00-05:30
No Intervention: The control in all day; Sit and rest in the morning and evening during the day.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Subjective appetite Subjective appetite Subjective appetite Subjective appetite Subjective appetite Subjective appetite	The appetite perceptions are obtained through a 0-100 mm visual analog scale. The variables assessed include perceptions of hunger (i.e., "How hungry do you feel?"), satisfaction (i.e., "How satisfied do you feel?"), fullness (i.e., "How full do you feel?"), prospective food consumption (i.e., "How much do you think you can eat?"), and nausea (i.e., "How nauseous do you feel?"), with 0 indicating "not at all" and 100 signifying "extremely.".	3 hours during each study intervention
Change in acyl-Ghrelin	acyl-Ghrelin in pg/mL	3 hours during each study intervention
Change in PYY	PYY in pg/mL	3 hours during each study intervention
Change in Leptin	Leptin in pg/mL	3 hours during each study intervention
Change in lactate	lactate in mmol/L	3 hours during each study intervention
Change in PBMCs circadian rhythm genes	Circadian rhythm genes in PBMC will be measured, such as Bmal1, Clock, Per1, Per2, Per3, Cry1, Cry2, Cry3, and Tbp in arbitrary units.	3 hours during each study intervention
Energy intake	Participants will be required to record their diet for the day before, the current day, and the day following the experiment. The energy intake include absolute energy intake and relative energy intake .	The Before day, the durning day, and the day following the experiment.
Energy expenditure	Participants will record energy expenditure during resistance exercise, with non-exercise energy expenditure measured using an accelerometer.	The Before day, the durning day, and the day following the experiment.

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Explicit liking	A visual analog scale ranging from 0 to 100 mm is utilized to evaluate the question, "How pleasant would it be to taste some of this food now?" with 0 indicating "not at all" and 100 signifying "extremely."	3 hours during each study intervention
Explicit wanting	A visual analog scale ranging from 0 to 100 mm is utilized to evaluate the question, "How much do you want some of this food now?" with 0 indicating "not at all" and 100 signifying "extremely."	3 hours during each study intervention
Implicit wanting	Participants are given a set of food image pairs and are asked to select their preference by answering the question, "Which food do you desire the most at the moment?". The implicit wanting calculation involves further consideration of response time data based on preference choices using a standardized equation.	3 hours during each study intervention
Relative preference	Participants are given a set of food image pairs and are asked to select their preference by answering the question, "Which food do you desire the most at the moment?". The relative preference is the sum of the times each type of food is chosen, with a maximum value of 48 and a minimum value of 0.	3 hours during each study intervention
Taste appeal bias	Taste preference (savoury or sweet) is calculated by subtracting the mean savory scores from the mean sweet scores. Positive values suggest a preference for sweet foods, while negative scores indicate a preference for savory foods, and a score of 0 signifies an equal preference between taste categories.	3 hours during each study intervention
Fat appeal bias	Fat preference (high or low) is calculated by subtracting the mean low-fat scores from the mean high-fat scores. Positive values suggest a preference for high-fat foods, while negative scores indicate a preference for low-fat or savory foods, and a score of 0 signifies an equal preference between fat content.	3 hours during each study intervention
change in Cortisol	Cortisol mcg/dL	3 hours during each study intervention
change in complete blood count	change in complete blood count cells/L	3 hours during each study intervention
change in growth hormone	growth hormone pmol/L	3 hours during each study intervention

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: National Taiwan Normal University
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Hung-wen Liu, Ph.D., National Taiwan Normal University

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Estimated): September 1, 2024
• Primary Completion (Estimated): December 30, 2025
• Study Completion (Estimated): December 30, 2025

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: August 8, 2024
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: August 8, 2024
• First Posted (Actual): August 12, 2024

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): August 12, 2024
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: August 8, 2024
• Last Verified: August 1, 2024

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: resistance exercise; energy expenditure
• Other Study ID Numbers: 202401HM008

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No