Optimizing Prevention of Hospital-Acquired Disability Through Multidomain Interventions (OPTIMAge-IT)

Optimizing Prevention of Hospital-acquired Disability Through Integrated Multidomain Interventions: the Age-IT Project

The aim of this study is to assess whether a multidomain, multidisciplinary intervention (MDI), enhanced by technological solutions, effectively improves the functional and cognitive status of older hospitalized patients at risk of disability or worsening frailty. Additionally, the study will evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of delivering these interventions remotely via technology after hospital discharge.

Participants will:

• Receive an MDI during their hospital stay and continue with remote at-home support for 3 months, or receive usual care.
• Attend outpatient clinics for follow-up assessment at 3 and 6 months.

Study Overview

• Status: Recruiting
• Conditions: Aging; Frailty Syndrome
• Intervention / Treatment: Other: Multidomain Interventions

Detailed Description

The "Optimizing Prevention of Hospital-Acquired Disability Through Integrated Multidomain Interventions (OPTIMAge-IT)" study will evaluate impact of a MDI multidisciplinary approach, enhanced by technological solutions, on the functional and cognitive status of older hospitalized patients at risk of disability or worsening frailty.

Additionally, the study will evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of delivering MDIs remotely via technology after hospital discharge. Using a parallel cluster-randomized design, approximately 300 patients will be recruited from eight Acute Geriatric Units (AGUs) located in eight acute hospitals evenly distributed across Northern, Central, and Southern Italy.

Eligible patients will be aged 70 years or older, with mild to moderate frailty, capable of ambulation with or without assistance and able to communicate and collaborate with the research team. Participants will use smart technologies, such as smartwatches, and tablets, for guided physical activity and remote monitoring. A multidisciplinary team -including a geriatrician, a nurse, a physiotherapist, a clinical nutrition expert, a neuropsychologist and a digital coach- will assist patients in the intervention group, supervising the MDI approach during hospitalization and at the 3-month follow-up. Blood-based biomarkers and fecal samples for gut microbiome analysis will be collected for patients in the intervention group, to support frailty stratification at baseline and help define the trajectories of functional and cognitive changes from baseline to follow-up assessments.

After discharge, patients in the intervention group will continue MDI at home for 12 weeks, with follow-up visits at 3 and 6 months. The control group will receive a follow-up visit at 6 months.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Estimated): 288
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

• Study Contact: Name: Giuseppe Bellelli, MD
• Study Contact Backup: Name: Giuseppe Bellelli, MD; Phone Number: 3392777327; Email: giuseppe.bellelli@campus.unimib.it

Study Locations

• Italy
  • Lumbardy
    • Monza, Lumbardy, Italy, 20900
      • Recruiting
      • Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori
      • Contact: Chukwuma Okoye, MD; Phone Number: 003902223970; Email: chukwuma.okoye@unimib.it

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: Older Adult
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Age >70 years;
• Mild to moderate frailty, defined by a panel of tools agreed upon by the group of researchers involved in the study (Primary Care Frailty Index [PC-FI] between 0.07 and 0.21, Clinical Frailty Scale [CFS] 4-6);
• Ability to walk with or without assistance
• Ability to communicate and cooperate with the research team;
• Ability to sign informed consent.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Expected hospital stay duration <3 days;
• Estimated prognosis quoad vitam <12 months;
• Persistent clinical instability, indicated by a NEWS2 score >5 (assessed within 48 hours of admission) and/or the presence of delirium (4AT >4);
• History of schizophrenia, major depression, bipolar disorder, or psychosis;
• Severe sensory deficits (visual and auditory);
• Presence of a nasogastric tube or percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG);
• Severe cardiac conduction disorder (e.g., third-degree atrioventricular block), uncontrolled arrhythmia, new Q wave in the past six months, or ST segment depression (>3 mm) on the electrocardiogram;
• Terminal stage oncological or organic disease (e.g., Child-Pugh C cirrhosis, stage V renal disease, GOLD stage D chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, end-stage heart failure);
• Residence in a nursing home before hospital admission;
• Presence of dissected aortic aneurysm, severe aortic stenosis, acute endocarditis/pericarditis, acute thromboembolism, uncontrolled hypertension (>180/100 mmHg) or postural hypotension, uncontrolled hypoglycemia, recent fracture within the last month, or any other medical condition that hinders the execution of physical activity according to clinical judgment;
• Any condition that prevents safe participation in the intervention and/or cooperation with the study;
• Concurrent participation in other clinical studies;
• Clinical conditions or situations significantly different from the condition under study, which in the investigator's opinion could interfere with the study or prevent optimal participation;
• Participants refusal to participate in the study.

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Prevention
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: Single

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: Intervention Group; The interventions include: Physical Exercise: Tailored sessions with the VIVIFRAIL exercise protocol, monitored with accelerometers, and supported by a physical activity kit.; Nutrition: Mediterranean diet with education on nutrient balance and avoiding ultra-processed foods.; Health & Sleep: Promotion of healthy habits, fall prevention, sleep hygiene, and targeted sleep disorder treatments.; Polypharmacotherapy: Review and adjustment of medications as needed.; Cognition: Cognitive rehabilitation using technology and educational videos.; Environment: Adjustments to create an "older-friendly" Acute Unit, including modified routines and extended visiting hours.	Other: Multidomain Interventions; Multidomain Interventions The intervention group will receive a personalized MDI approach from a multidisciplinary team, including a digital coach, physiotherapist, clinical nutrition expert, neuropsychologist, geriatrician, and nurse. This approach will encompass physical activity program, nutritional interventions, cognitive training and stimulation, medication reconciliation, coaching on the use of technological supports, and group activities. Environmental modifications at home will also be proposed
No Intervention: Control Group; Centers randomized to the control group will follow usual care protocols. However, all participants in this group will receive standardized leaflets at discharge, providing physical, nutritional, and behavioral advice.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Assess the effect of the MDI on motor function at discharge from the AGU	Effect of the intervention in terms of motor function, assessed using the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB, from 0 to 12)	Baseline, Discharge (after an average hospital stay of 10 days)

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Evaluate the feasibility of home-based MDI with technological support	Feasibility of home-based MDI with technological support, evaluated using Patient Reported Experience Measures (PREMs), questionnaires measuring the patients' perceptions of their experience whilst receiving care	3 months, and 6 months
Assess the effect of the MDI on readmissions at 6 months follow-up.	Effect of the MDI in reducing hospital readmissions at 6 months	6 months
Assess the effect of the MDI on readmissions at 3 months follow-up.	Effect of the MDI in reducing hospital readmissions at 3 months	3 months
Evaluate the effect of the MDI on quality of life at follow-up.	Effect of the MDI on participants' quality of life at follow-up, evaluated using the EuroQol EQ-5D 5L, a descriptive system comprising five dimensions (mobility, self-care, usual activities, discomfort, and anxiety/depression), each dimension with five response levels (no problems, slight problems, moderate problems, severe problems, unable to/extreme problems).	3 months, 6 months
Evaluate the effect of the MDI on in-hospital mortality	Evaluate the effect of the MDI on in-hospital mortality	From Admission Through Discharge, an Average of 10 days
Evaluate the effect of the MDI on mortality at follow-up.	Evaluate the effect of the MDI on mortality at follow-up.	3 months, 6 months
Evaluate the effect of the MDI on dietary intake and nutritional status at follow-up.	Effect of the MDI in improving dietary intake and nutritional status at follow-up, assessed using the Mediterranean Diet Scale (MDScale, that includes nine components) and Mini Nutritional Assessment-Short Form (MNA-SF, 0-14)	Baseline, 3 months, 6 months
Evaluate the effect of the MDI on changes in frailty levels at follow-up.	Effect of the MDI in reducing frailty at follow-up, assessed using the Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS, 0-9) and Primary Care Frailty Index (PC-FI)	Baseline, 3 months, 6 months
Assess the effect of the MDI on fall events	Effect of the MDI in reducing the incidence of falls during hospitalization and at home, evaluated through the number of falls and the Tinetti Scale (0-28) occurred within the study period	Baseline, From Admission Through Discharge, an Average of 10 days, 3 months, 6 months
Evaluate the effect of the MDI on in-hospital complications	Effect of the MDI in reducing the incidence of in-hospital complications as sepsis, urinary infections, blood infections, and pressure ulcers.	Baseline, From Admission Through Discharge, an Average of 10 days, 3 months, 6 months
Assess the effect of the MDI on sleep quality	Effect of the MDI on sleep quality during hospitalization and at home, assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). The questionnaire consists of a combination of Likert-type and open-ended questions (which can later be converted into scaled scores using appropriate guidelines).	Baseline, From Admission Through Discharge, an Average of 10 days, 3 months, 6 months
Assess the effect of the MDI on the incidence of delirium during hospitalization	Effect of the MDI in reducing incident delirium during hospitalization, diagnosed according to international guidelines (DSM V) and assessed using the Modified Richmond Agitation Screening Scale (m-RASS, scoring from -5 to +4), 4AT (scoring, from 0 to 12), and Delirium Rating Scale (DRS-revised, 13 items, each item is rated on a scale of 0- 2/3)	From Admission Through Discharge, an Average of 10 days
Assess the effect of the MDI on cognitive performance at follow-up.	Effect of the MDI on cognitive performance (assessed using the Cognitive Reserve Index questionnaire (CRIq), Addenbrooke Cognitive Examination - Revised (ACE-R), Trail Making Test (TMT) parts A and B)	Baseline, From Admission Through Discharge, an Average of 10 days, 3 months, 6 months
Assess the effect of the MDI on functional performance at follow-up	Assessed using Basic Activities of Daily Living (ADL 0-6), Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL 0-8), Barthel Index at follow-up (0-100)	Baseline, From Admission Through Discharge, an Average of 10 days, 3 months, 6 months
Assess the effect of the MDI on motor performance at follow-up.	Assessed using SPPB (0-12), hand grip strength (Kg)	Baseline, From Admission Through Discharge, an Average of 10 days, 3 months, 6 months
Assess the acceptability of technological solutions during hospitalization and at follow-up.	Acceptability of technological solutions through the administration of specific questionnaires	Discharge (after an average hospital stay of 10 days), 3 months, and 6 months
Evaluate the cost impact of the MDI on the healthcare system.	Costs of the MDI on the healthcare system, evaluated through the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio	Discharge (after an average hospital stay of 10 days), 3 months, and 6 months
Evaluate the effect of the MDI on the length of hospital stay.	Effect of the MDI in reducing the length of hospital stay	Discharge (after an average hospital stay of 10 days)
Evaluate the participant adherence to the protocol	Evaluate the participant adherence to the protocol assessing the number of drop-out and overall retention rates	6 months

Other Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Assess the impact of the MDI on cardiovascular risk factors.	Impact of MDI on lifestyle and inactivity, blood pressure, smoking, cholesterol level, and blood glucose.	Baseline, 6 months
Evaluate the effect of the MDI on participants' social relationships.	Effect of the MDI on improving social relationships, assessed using the Lubben Social Network Scale (12 items scale)	3 months, 6 months
Evaluate the impact of fortified food consumption on microbiota composition and bowel alterations in a subgroup of patients not undergoing antibiotic therapy (ancillary study).	Evaluation of the impact of fortified food consumption on faecal analysis in a subgroup of patients not undergoing antibiotic therapy	Baseline, Through Discharge an Average of 10 days
Assess participants access to (and frequency of use of) technological resources.	Number of app accesses.	Through Discharge an Average of 10 days, 3 months
Assess the effect of the MDI on mood of participants	Effect of the MDI on mood, assessed using the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS, 0-30)	Baseline, 3 months, 6 months
Evaluate the effect of the MDI on biomarkers of aging	Changes on the Free Triiodothyronine/Free Thyroxine (FT3/FT4) concentration in the MDI group compared to controls	Baseline, 6 months
Evaluate the effect of the MDI on biomarkers of aging	Effect of the MDI on partipants according to Serum Amyloid Beta (Aβ) concentration categories	Baseline
Evaluate the effect of the MDI on biomarkers of aging	Effect of the MDI on partipants according to their Serum Phosphorylated Tau at Threonine 181 (p-tau181), p-tau217, p-tau231 concentrations	Baseline
Evaluate the effect of the MDI on biomarkers of aging	Changes on high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP, measured in mg/L) concentration of the MDI group compared to controls	Baseline, 6 months
Evaluate the effect of the MDI on biomarkers of aging	Changes on Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR, measured in mm/h) of the MDI group compared to controls	Baseline, 6 months
Evaluate the effect of the MDI on biomarkers of aging	Changes on interleukin 6 (IL-6, measured in pg/mL) concentration of the MDI group compared to controls	Baseline, 6 months
Evaluate the effect of the MDI on biomarkers of aging	Changes on the Neurofilament Light Chain (NF-L, measured in pg/mL) concentration in the MDI group compared to controls	Baseline, 6 months
Evaluate the effect of the MDI on biomarkers of aging	Changes on the Soluble Receptor for Advanced Glycation End-products (s-RAGE, measured in ng/mL) concentration in the MDI group compared to controls	Baseline, 6 months
Evaluate the effect of the MDI on biomarkers of aging	Changes on the Fibroblast Growth Factor 1 concentration (FGF-1, measured in pg/mL) in the MDI group compared to controls	Baseline, 6 months
Evaluate the effect of the MDI on biomarkers of aging	Changes on the Growth Differentiation Factor 15 concentration (GDF-15, measured in pg/mL), in the MDI group compared to controls.	Baseline, 6 months

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: University of Milano Bicocca
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Giuseppe Bellelli, MD, Università di Milano-Bicocca; Study Chair: Giuseppe Bellelli, MD, Università di Milano-Bicocca

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

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• Dedeyne L, Deschodt M, Verschueren S, Tournoy J, Gielen E. Effects of multi-domain interventions in (pre)frail elderly on frailty, functional, and cognitive status: a systematic review. Clin Interv Aging. 2017 May 24;12:873-896. doi: 10.2147/CIA.S130794. eCollection 2017.
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• Thillainadesan J, Scott IA, Le Couteur DG. Frailty, a multisystem ageing syndrome. Age Ageing. 2020 Aug 24;49(5):758-763. doi: 10.1093/ageing/afaa112.
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• de Souto Barreto P, Rolland Y, Maltais M, Vellas B; MAPT Study Group. Associations of Multidomain Lifestyle Intervention with Frailty: Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial. Am J Med. 2018 Nov;131(11):1382.e7-1382.e13. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2018.06.002. Epub 2018 Jul 1.
• Ferrara MC, Perez LM, Sole AR, Villa-Garcia L, Ars J, Soto-Bagaria L, Bellelli G, Cesari M, Enfedaque MB, Inzitari M. Sustained improvement of intrinsic capacity in community-dwelling older adults: The +AGIL Barcelona multidomain program. J Intern Med. 2023 Dec;294(6):730-742. doi: 10.1111/joim.13710. Epub 2023 Aug 21.
• Perez LM, Enfedaque-Montes MB, Cesari M, Soto-Bagaria L, Gual N, Burbano MP, Tarazona-Santabalbina FJ, Casas RM, Diaz F, Martin E, Gomez A, Orfila F, Inzitari M. A Community Program of Integrated Care for Frail Older Adults: +AGIL Barcelona. J Nutr Health Aging. 2019;23(8):710-716. doi: 10.1007/s12603-019-1244-4.
• Covinsky KE, Pierluissi E, Johnston CB. Hospitalization-associated disability: "She was probably able to ambulate, but I'm not sure". JAMA. 2011 Oct 26;306(16):1782-93. doi: 10.1001/jama.2011.1556.
• Reichardt LA, Aarden JJ, van Seben R, van der Schaaf M, Engelbert RH, Bosch JA, Buurman BM; Hospital-ADL study group. Unravelling the potential mechanisms behind hospitalization-associated disability in older patients; the Hospital-Associated Disability and impact on daily Life (Hospital-ADL) cohort study protocol. BMC Geriatr. 2016 Mar 5;16:59. doi: 10.1186/s12877-016-0232-3.
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• Bellelli G, Nobili A, Annoni G, Morandi A, Djade CD, Meagher DJ, Maclullich AM, Davis D, Mazzone A, Tettamanti M, Mannucci PM; REPOSI (REgistro POliterapie SIMI) Investigators. Under-detection of delirium and impact of neurocognitive deficits on in-hospital mortality among acute geriatric and medical wards. Eur J Intern Med. 2015 Nov;26(9):696-704. doi: 10.1016/j.ejim.2015.08.006. Epub 2015 Aug 31.
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• Bellelli G, Morandi A, Di Santo SG, Mazzone A, Cherubini A, Mossello E, Bo M, Bianchetti A, Rozzini R, Zanetti E, Musicco M, Ferrari A, Ferrara N, Trabucchi M; Italian Study Group on Delirium (ISGoD). "Delirium Day": a nationwide point prevalence study of delirium in older hospitalized patients using an easy standardized diagnostic tool. BMC Med. 2016 Jul 18;14:106. doi: 10.1186/s12916-016-0649-8.
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• Bellelli G, Mazzone A, Morandi A, Latronico N, Perego S, Zazzetta S, Mazzola P, Annoni G. The Effect of an Impaired Arousal on Short- and Long-Term Mortality of Elderly Patients Admitted to an Acute Geriatric Unit. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2016 Mar 1;17(3):214-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jamda.2015.10.002. Epub 2015 Nov 12.
• Geyskens L, Jeuris A, Deschodt M, Van Grootven B, Gielen E, Flamaing J. Patient-related risk factors for in-hospital functional decline in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Age Ageing. 2022 Feb 2;51(2):afac007. doi: 10.1093/ageing/afac007.
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• Martinez-Velilla N, Casas-Herrero A, Zambom-Ferraresi F, Saez de Asteasu ML, Lucia A, Galbete A, Garcia-Baztan A, Alonso-Renedo J, Gonzalez-Glaria B, Gonzalo-Lazaro M, Apezteguia Iraizoz I, Gutierrez-Valencia M, Rodriguez-Manas L, Izquierdo M. Effect of Exercise Intervention on Functional Decline in Very Elderly Patients During Acute Hospitalization: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2019 Jan 1;179(1):28-36. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2018.4869.
• Bellelli G, Morandi A, Davis DH, Mazzola P, Turco R, Gentile S, Ryan T, Cash H, Guerini F, Torpilliesi T, Del Santo F, Trabucchi M, Annoni G, MacLullich AM. Validation of the 4AT, a new instrument for rapid delirium screening: a study in 234 hospitalised older people. Age Ageing. 2014 Jul;43(4):496-502. doi: 10.1093/ageing/afu021. Epub 2014 Mar 2.

Helpful Links

• Organization WH. World report on ageing and health [Internet]. Geneva PP - Geneva: World Health Organization
• Organization WH. Integrated care for older people: guidelines on community-level interventions to manage declines in intrinsic capacity [Internet]. Geneva PP - Geneva: World Health Organization;

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): December 1, 2024
• Primary Completion (Estimated): July 1, 2026
• Study Completion (Estimated): January 1, 2027

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: September 2, 2024
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: September 20, 2024
• First Posted (Actual): September 24, 2024

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): May 28, 2026
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: May 22, 2026
• Last Verified: May 1, 2026

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: Telemedicine; Telemonitoring; Prevention; Outcomes; Hospital; Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment; Frailty Syndrome; Hospital Acquired Disability; Integrated Multidomain Interventions
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Pathologic Processes; Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms; Frailty
• Other Study ID Numbers: OPTIMAge-IT

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: NO

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No