The Association Between Sarcopenia and the Strength of Peripheral and Respiratory Muscles in Elderly Individuals

January 1, 2025 updated by: Buket AKINCI, Biruni University

Relationship Between Sarcopenia and Peripheral and Respiratory Muscle Strength in Geriatric Individuals

Population aging is a significant global trend, with projections indicating that by 2050, 1 in 6 individuals worldwide will be over 65 years old, compared to 1 in 11 in 2019. In Turkey, the elderly population is expected to rise to 11.0% by 2025 and reach 25.6% by 2080. Sarcopenia, characterized by the progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass (SMM) and function due to aging, affects approximately 29% of older adults in community healthcare settings. It is associated with various pathophysiological processes, leading to negative health outcomes like falls and frailty.

The European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP) established diagnostic criteria for sarcopenia based on muscle mass, strength, and physical performance in 2010, later revised in 2018 (EWGSOP2), emphasizing low muscle strength as the primary diagnostic criterion. The SARC-F questionnaire is recommended for confirming sarcopenia, with a score of ≥ 4 indicating the condition.

The concept of respiratory sarcopenia, introduced in 2021, refers to the loss of respiratory muscle mass and strength alongside general body sarcopenia, though measuring respiratory muscle mass can be complex. Respiratory muscle strength can be assessed through mouth pressure measurement, but a consensus on the methodology is still lacking.

Overall, there is insufficient research on the relationship between peripheral and respiratory muscle weakness and sarcopenia in the elderly. This study aims to explore this relationship further.

Study Overview

Status

Not yet recruiting

Conditions

Intervention / Treatment

Detailed Description

Population aging is a global phenomenon characterized by a significant and rapid increase in the elderly population over recent years. According to World Population Prospects 2019 (United Nations, 2019), by 2050, 1 in 6 people in the world will be over the age of 65, up from 1 in 11 in 2019. It is estimated that the elderly population rate in our country will be 11.0% in 2025, 12.9% in 2030, 16.3% in 2040, 22.6% in 2060 and 25.6% in 2080.

Sarcopenia is a progressive and characterized loss of skeletal muscle mass (SMM) and function associated with aging. Several prospective studies have reported that skeletal muscle mass decreases by 6% per decade after middle age. In community healthcare settings, the prevalence of sarcopenia has been reported to reach up to 29% among older adults. Sarcopenia is thought to involve a variety of pathophysiological processes, including denervation, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammatory and hormonal changes that can lead to adverse health outcomes such as falls, functional decline, frailty, weakness, and death due to a decrease in lean body mass. The European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP) proposed three diagnostic criteria for sarcopenia based on muscle mass, muscle strength, and physical performance in 2010. The EWGSOP proposed for sarcopenia three diagnostic criteria; low muscle mass (LMM) is defined by a SMM index of less than 8.90 kg/m2, low muscle strength (LMS) by hand-grip strength below 30 kg in men and 20 kg in women, and low physical performance (LPP) by gait speeds of less than 0.8 m/s. In 2018, The European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People 2 (EWGSOP2) revised the diagnostic criteria and established that low muscle strength is the primary parameter for the diagnosis of sarcopenia and the most reliable measure of muscle function. In clinical practice, when a patient shows symptoms or signs of sarcopenia (i.e. falls, feeling weak, walking slowly and difficulty getting up from a chair, or weight loss or muscle wasting), the EWGSOP2 is recommended to use the SARC-F questionnaire, which consists of five items: Strength, Assistance in walking, Rising from a chair, Climbing stairs, and Falls to confirm the diagnosis. A score of the SARC-F questionnaire ≥ 4 is considered sarcopenia.

The concept of respiratory sarcopenia was first proposed in 2021 and is defined as "General body sarcopenia and low respiratory muscle mass followed by low respiratory muscle strength and/or low respiratory function." Diagnosis of respiratory sarcopenia is made by assessing respiratory muscle mass and strength. However, measuring respiratory muscle mass can often be complex, requiring advanced diagnostic equipment or techniques such as ultrasound echography and computed tomography. Assessing respiratory muscle strength is easier because it can be measured by mouth pressure measurement; however, there is no consensus yet on the exact methodology.

Studies showing the relationship between peripheral muscle and respiratory muscle weakness and sarcopenia in the elderly population are insufficient. In our study, we aim to examine the relationship between sarcopenia and peripheral and respiratory muscle strength.

Study Type

Observational

Enrollment (Estimated)

100

Contacts and Locations

This section provides the contact details for those conducting the study, and information on where this study is being conducted.

Study Contact

Study Contact Backup

Participation Criteria

Researchers look for people who fit a certain description, called eligibility criteria. Some examples of these criteria are a person's general health condition or prior treatments.

Eligibility Criteria

Ages Eligible for Study

  • Older Adult

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

No

Sampling Method

Probability Sample

Study Population

The Çanakkale Municipality Golden Years Life Center.

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

  • 65 years to 80 years (Older ),
  • Standardised Mini Mental Test score ≥ 20,
  • Volunteering to participate in the study study
  • Registered at the Çanakkale Municipality Golden Years Life Center.

Exclusion Criteria:

  • With with a history of respiratory disease or receiving treatment for respiratory disease
  • With serious orthopedic diseases that may affect the measurements
  • Diagnosed with dementia
  • Smokers.

Study Plan

This section provides details of the study plan, including how the study is designed and what the study is measuring.

How is the study designed?

Design Details

Cohorts and Interventions

Group / Cohort
Intervention / Treatment
Elderly Individuals
The study group was composed of volunteers aged 65-80 years.
Other: Questionnare, hand grip and respiratory muscle strength
Upper extremity strength will be assessed using the Jamar hand dynamometer to measure hand grip strength. For lower extremity muscle strength, participants will undergo the five-repetition sit-to-stand test. Respiratory muscle strength, both inspiratory and expiratory, will be measured through mouth pressure assessments. Additionally, participants will complete a questionnaire addressing components related to sarcopenia diagnosis, including questions on strength, assistance with walking, rising from a chair, climbing stairs, and incidence of falls.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
The sociodemographic data form
Time Frame: baseline
Socio-demographic data of individuals (name-surname, age, gender, height, weight, smoking, occupation, education) will be collected with the demographic data collection form created by the researchers. In the clinical information section, other diseases and medications used will berecorded.
baseline
Hand grip strength
Time Frame: baseline
Upper extremity strength will be measured by hand grip strenght with a Jamar hand dynamometer. Participants will be seated with the dynamometer in their dominant hand, elbows flexed at 90° and next to the body, and three consecutive measurements will be taken with a 1-minute interval between measurements. The highest value will be recorded.
baseline
The five-repetition sit-to-stand test
Time Frame: baseline
Lower extremity muscle strength will be evaluated. Participants will test to cross their arms on their chest and sit down and stand up on a chair once for trial purposes. After the trial performance, they will be asked to sit down and stand up on the chair as quickly as possible without stopping, and the time will be recorded after the fifth repetition
baseline
Measurements of respiratory muscle strength
Time Frame: baseline
Inspiratory and expiratory respiratory muscle strength will be evaluated by the mouth pressure measurement.
baseline
SARC-F questionnaire
Time Frame: baseline
Participants will be asked the questionnaire about strength, assistance in walking, rising from a chair, climbing stairs, and falls components. Each component will be scored between 0-2. The total scores will be recorded that ranged from 0 to 10.
baseline

Collaborators and Investigators

This is where you will find people and organizations involved with this study.

Sponsor

Biruni University

Collaborators

Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University

Investigators

  • Principal Investigator: Buket Akıncı, Ass.Prof, Biruni University

Publications and helpful links

The person responsible for entering information about the study voluntarily provides these publications. These may be about anything related to the study.

General Publications

Study record dates

These dates track the progress of study record and summary results submissions to ClinicalTrials.gov. Study records and reported results are reviewed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to make sure they meet specific quality control standards before being posted on the public website.

Study Major Dates

Study Start (Estimated)

January 20, 2025

Primary Completion (Estimated)

February 10, 2025

Study Completion (Estimated)

February 24, 2025

Study Registration Dates

First Submitted

December 22, 2024

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

January 1, 2025

First Posted (Actual)

March 25, 2025

Study Record Updates

Last Update Posted (Actual)

March 25, 2025

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

January 1, 2025

Last Verified

January 1, 2025

More Information

Terms related to this study

Keywords

Additional Relevant MeSH Terms

Other Study ID Numbers

  • 202412

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?

UNDECIDED

Drug and device information, study documents

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product

No

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product

No

This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.

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