Effects of VMI on Visual Perception, Spatial Awareness and Motor Skills in Preschool Children

April 24, 2025 updated by: Riphah International University

Effects of Visual Motor Integration on Visual Perception, Spatial Awareness and Motor Skills in Preschool Children

The preschool stage is an important period for children to develop their motor, language, cognitive, and social-emotional skills. pre-school years are the best time to intervene and correct developmental delays. VMI is linked to learning-related tasks like writing, measuring it in youngsters is essential. Earlier studies reported that children with deficits in VMI had lower academic achievements, the inadequate spatial organization of written work, and lower performance in mathematics and reading performance. The Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration, Sixth Edition (Beery VMI-6), determined participants' VMI, VP and motor skills during the pre- and post-tests. Exposure to VMI tasks including, visual perception, spatial awareness and motor skills can be enhanced. VP is assessed by Visual Perception Task (VP Task) and Motor Coordination Task (MC Task) and spatial awareness is assessed by BAS 3.The aim of study is to analyze effects of VMI on visual perception, spatial awareness and motor skills in preschool children.

The current study will be randomized control trial; data will be collected from The Leaders Lyseum School Lahore. The study will include 60 children equally divided into two groups and randomly allocated. Inclusion criteria for the study will be Children age 4 to 6 years old and all will be right-handed dominant with no history of visual or neurological abnormalities and exclusion criteria will be Children who presented a disability indicating a central nervous system dysfunction children age below 4 Years and above 6 years. One experimental group will perform Visual Motor Tasks, the other controlled group will perform routine class tasks. Pre and post assessment will be done. Outcomes to be analyzed will be enhancement in visual perception, spatial awareness and motor skills in preschool children by after performing VMI tasks. Data collection will be done before and after the intervention. Tools used for data collection will be. Data will be analyzed through SPSS version 23.00.

Study Overview

Status

Recruiting

Conditions

Intervention / Treatment

Detailed Description

Group A Experimental (Visual motor integration Group): Group A will perform all the class along with the VMI tasks include:

  • Drawing (pictures and shapes for geometry)
  • Handwriting components-letter formation, sizing, spacing, and line orientation
  • Writing fluency (speed and accuracy)
  • Reproducing drawings, letters, etc. from the board or a book
  • Understanding left and right or other directional concepts
  • Gross motor and PE activities Visual Perception Task (VP Task) the VP task will be used to measure an individual's visual abilities.
  • Discriminating and understanding left from right
  • Matching objects or images
  • Recognizing letters and numbers
  • Providing or obtaining directions
  • Visualizing objects or past experiences
  • Developing eye-hand coordination

Group B Control group (Free play group): In this group only class work will be done no VMI tasks are assigned and performed. The participants will be assessed by using The Beery Visual Motor Integration 6th Edition will be used to measure the integration of visual perception and motor skills and VP task will be used to measure an individual's visual abilities.

Study Type

Interventional

Enrollment (Estimated)

60

Phase

  • Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

This section provides the contact details for those conducting the study, and information on where this study is being conducted.

Study Contact

Study Contact Backup

Study Locations

  • Pakistan
    • Punjab
      • Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan, 54000
        • Recruiting
        • Imran Amjad
        • Contact:
        • Contact:
        • Principal Investigator:
          • Misbah Bashir, MS*

Participation Criteria

Researchers look for people who fit a certain description, called eligibility criteria. Some examples of these criteria are a person's general health condition or prior treatments.

Eligibility Criteria

Ages Eligible for Study

  • Child

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

No

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Children were 4 to 6 years old
  • No history of visual or neurological abnormalities

Exclusion Criteria:

  • • Children who presented a disability indicating a central nervous system dysfunction

    • Children wearing glasses

Study Plan

This section provides details of the study plan, including how the study is designed and what the study is measuring.

How is the study designed?

Design Details

  • Primary Purpose: Other
  • Allocation: Randomized
  • Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
  • Masking: Single

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm
Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: Group A (Visual motor integration Group):

Group A will perform all the class along with the VMI tasks include:

  • Drawing (pictures and shapes for geometry)
  • Handwriting components-letter formation, sizing, spacing, and line orientation
  • Gross motor and PE activities the VP task will be used to measure an individual's visual abilities.
  • Discriminating and understanding left from right
  • Recognizing letters and numbers
  • Learning to read/write
  • Providing or obtaining directions
  • Visualizing objects or past experiences

Visual skills can also impact a student's performance in the school setting as seen in the following:

  • Trouble discriminating left from right
  • Reversal of letter, numbers, or words when copying or writing
  • Mistaking words with similar beginnings when reading
Other: Visual Motor Integration

The Beery Visual Motor Integration will be used to measure the integration of visual perception and motor skills as the participant children imitated and copied a developmentally sequential series of geometric forms using pencil and paper. As the task progressed, the levels of difficulty in geometric forms increased.

VP task will be used to measure an individual's visual abilities without the integration of fine motor skills. Children will be asked to point to the item in the array, which was identical to the target figure. The choices will be written on answer sheets by experimenters or children themselves. Elapsed time will be recorded beginning with Item 7, and the task discontinued after 3 minutes. Children will be told to connect dots and to draw within provided borders. Elapsed time was recorded beginning with Item 7 and the task ended up after 5 minutes.
No Intervention: Group B
Only class work will be done by the students.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration (Beery VMI)
Time Frame: 12 weeks

Visual Motor Integration Task (VMI Task) The Beery VMI 6th Edition (33) will be used to measure the integration of visual perception and motor skills as the participant children imitated and copied a developmentally sequential series of geometric forms using pencil and paper. As the task progressed, the levels of difficulty in geometric forms increased.

VP task will be used to measure an individual's visual abilities without the integration of fine motor skills. Children will be asked to point to the item in the array, which was identical to the target figure. The choices will be written on answer sheets by experimenters or children themselves.
12 weeks
Test of Spatial Assembly (TOSA)
Time Frame: 12 Weeks
For each of the 2-D and 3-D portions of the TOSA, participants will receive a training trial followed by six test trials. During each test trial, the child will be shown a target figure composed of either 2-D geometric shapes or 3-D interlocking blocks. The child will be provided individual pieces, matching those in the target, and will be instructed to make their pieces look just like the target figure. The task required participants to exercise spatial visualization, shape decomposition and composition, and manual construction of complex shape forms in planar space and 3-dimensional space.
12 Weeks

Collaborators and Investigators

This is where you will find people and organizations involved with this study.

Sponsor

Riphah International University

Investigators

  • Principal Investigator: Maria Amjad, MS-PT, Riphah International University

Publications and helpful links

The person responsible for entering information about the study voluntarily provides these publications. These may be about anything related to the study.

General Publications

Study record dates

These dates track the progress of study record and summary results submissions to ClinicalTrials.gov. Study records and reported results are reviewed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to make sure they meet specific quality control standards before being posted on the public website.

Study Major Dates

Study Start (Actual)

April 16, 2025

Primary Completion (Estimated)

July 16, 2025

Study Completion (Estimated)

July 20, 2025

Study Registration Dates

First Submitted

April 24, 2025

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

April 24, 2025

First Posted (Actual)

May 2, 2025

Study Record Updates

Last Update Posted (Actual)

May 2, 2025

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

April 24, 2025

Last Verified

April 1, 2025

More Information

Terms related to this study

Keywords

Other Study ID Numbers

  • REC/RCR/AHS/25/Hadeeqa Jabeen

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?

NO

Drug and device information, study documents

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product

No

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product

No

This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.

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