Comparison Between Interdental Brush and Water Floss on Plaque Accumulation and Gingival Inflammation in Patients Undergoing Fixed Orthodontic Treatment.

Comparison Between Interdental Brush and Water Floss on Plaque Accumulation and Gingival Inflammation in Patients Undergoing Fixed Orthodontic Treatment: A Single Blinded Split-Mouth Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial

The goal of this clinical trial is to test the ability of water flosser to remove plaque and reduce gingival inflammation in patients undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment.

The main questions it aims to answer are:

Does water flosser remove plaque effectively in orthodontic patients? Does water flosser reduce gum inflammation in orthodontic patients?

Researchers compared water flosser to interdental brush to see if there is a difference in plaque and inflammation reduction.

Participants used interdental brush to clean between their teeth and around brackets in one side of their mouth, and they used water flosser to clean between the teeth and around brackets in the other side. The study lasted for 3 months.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Dental Plaque; Gingival Bleeding
• Intervention / Treatment: Device: Interdental brush; Device: Water floss

Detailed Description

• Study design This is a randomized controlled single blinded clinical trial, with split mouth design.
• Sample size Forty seven subjects with fixed orthodontic appliance were recruited from patients attending dental teaching clinics at Jordan University of Science and Technology. The age range was between 18 and 35 years. They were randomly assigned to use interdental brush on one side of the mouth, and water floss on the other side in a split mouth design.

The study lasted for 3 months.

1. Inclusion criteria:

   1. Patients with fixed orthodontic appliance in the upper and lower arches. 2. Patients with healthy gingiva with no periodontal disease. 3. Patient's orthodontic plan doesn't require extraction of any teeth during the study period. .

   4. Patients should have at least 26 teeth. 5. Patients are motivated and able to clean their teeth. 6. Patients should not have caries, overhang restorations, crowns, bridges or implants 7. Adults 18-35 years old.

2. Exclusion criteria:

   1. Smokers 2. Medically compromised patients 3. Pregnant woman.

   • Ethical considerations The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Jordan University of Science and Technology (51/166/2024). All participating patients were informed of the study's purpose, objectives, and methods. They all provided a written informed consent before data collection.

   • Data collection:

     1. Patients randomly used water floss on one side of the mouth , and the interdental brush on the other side.

     2. Randomization was used to assign the intervention to either the left or right side of the mouth.

        The following will be assessed

        1- Plaque score using Rustogi modified navy plaque index for buccal and lingual surfaces, where the tooth was divided into multiple zones as the following :

        The divided zones are:

        Whole mouth: areas A,B,C,D,E,F,G and H. Marginal (gum line): areas A,B and C. Interproximal: areas D and F

        0 score was given the area where there is no plaque.

        1 score was given in the area where there is plaque Intraoral photos using professional camera were taken for all teeth and all surfaces to record the plaque score.

        2. gingival inflammation was recorded using gingival index at six sites per tooth (distobuccal, midbuccal, mesiobuccal, distolingual/palatal, midlingual/palatal, mesiolingual/palatal) as follows : 0= Normal gingiva.

        1. Mild inflammation - slight change in colour and slight edema but no bleeding on probing.
        2. Moderate inflammation - redness, edema and glazing, bleeding on probing.
        3. Severe inflammation - marked redness and edema, ulceration with tendency for spontaneous bleeding.

        3.Visual Analog Scale (VAS) visual analog scale from 0 - 10 (0 - unsatisfied, uncomfortable, or difficult to use, 10 -very satisfied, comfortable, and easy to use) in each visit was taken.

        Randomization and Blinding Independent of the clinical assessment, a third-party dentist used a computer-generated random number sequence to determine which side of each patient's mouth will be cleaned by interdental brush and which side will be cleaned by the oral irrigator. While participants were aware of which device they were using on each side, the examiner who performed the clinical examinations was blinded.

   • Adverse events monitoring: Participants were monitored for adverse events during the study period such as gingival trauma, sensitivity, recession, tooth or restoration damage.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 75
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• Jordan
  • Irbid Governorate
    • Irbid, Irbid Governorate, Jordan, 22110
      • Jordan University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Dentistry

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: Adult
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: Yes

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Patients with fixed orthodontic appliance upper and lower arches.
• Patients with healthy gingiva with no periodontal disease.
• Patient's orthodontic plan doesn't require extraction of any teeth during the study period.
• Patients should have at least 26 teeth.
• Patients are motivated and able to clean their teeth.
• Patients should not have caries, overhang restorations, crowns, bridges or implants.
• Adults 18-35 years old.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Smokers.
• Medically compromised patients.
• Pregnant woman.
• Using mouth wash or antibiotic in last 3 months.

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Prevention
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: Double

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: Water Flosser; Participants used a water flosser twice daily for interdental cleaning on the other assigned side	Device: Water floss; Participants used a water flosser twice daily after toothbrushing on the assigned side. Standard pressure setting and specialized tip were used. This method was compared to the use of an interdental brush in the contralateral quadrants (split-mouth design).
Experimental: Interdental brush; Participants used an interdental brush twice daily for interdental cleaning on the assigned side	Device: Interdental brush; Participants used an interdental brush twice daily after toothbrushing on the assigned side. This method was compared to the use of water floss in the contralateral side (split-mouth design).

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Plaque Index	Plaque accumulation assessed using the Rustogi Modified Navy Plaque Index (RMNPI) on designated tooth surfaces in the sides assigned to interdental brush and water flosser. The tooth was divided into multiple zones as the following : Whole mouth: areas A,B,C,D,E,F,G and H. Marginal (gum line): areas A,B and C. Interproximal: areas D and F 0 score was given the area where there is no plaque. 1 score was given in the area where there is plaque The minimum plaque score per surface (buccal or lingual) is zero, and the maximum plaque score per surface is 8 Intraoral photos using professional camera were taken for all teeth and all surfaces to record the plaque score.	Baseline, 2 weeks, 4 weeks, 2 month and 3 months

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Gingival Index	Gingival inflammation was recorded using gingival index at six sites per tooth (distobuccal, midbuccal, mesiobuccal, distolingual/palatal, midlingual/palatal, mesiolingual/palatal) in each intervention side as follows : 0= Normal gingiva.; Mild inflammation - slight change in colour and slight edema but no bleeding on probing.; Moderate inflammation - redness, edema and glazing, bleeding on probing.; Severe inflammation - marked redness and edema, ulceration with tendency for spontaneous bleeding. The minumn score is zero and the maximum score for one surface (buccal or lingual/palatal is 9.	Baseline, 2 weeks, 4 weeks, 2 months ,and 3 months
Visual Analog Scale (VAS)	visual analog scale from 0 - 10 (0 - unsatisfied, uncomfortable, or difficult to use, 10 -very satisfied, comfortable, and easy to use)	2 Weeks, 4 weeks, 2months, and 3months

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: King Abdullah University Hospital
• Collaborators: Jordan University of Science and Technology
• Investigators: Study Director: Lana Bader, DClinDent, Jordan University of Science and Technology; Study Director: Reem Sami Abed Alhafez, DClinDent Perio, Jordan University of Science and Technology; Principal Investigator: Ahmad shawqi, MClinDent Perio, Jordan University of Science and Technology

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): July 1, 2024
• Primary Completion (Actual): March 30, 2025
• Study Completion (Actual): March 30, 2025

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: November 16, 2025
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: November 16, 2025
• First Posted (Estimated): November 20, 2025

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): December 11, 2025
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: December 4, 2025
• Last Verified: December 1, 2025

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: Oral hygiene; Plaque index; Gingival inflammation; Interdental brush; Oral irrigator; Interdental cleaning; Water flosser; Orthodontic patients
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Periodontal Diseases; Mouth Diseases; Stomatognathic Diseases; Pathologic Processes; Tooth Diseases; Infections; Hemorrhage; Gingival Diseases; Dental Deposits; Oral Hemorrhage; Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms; Dental Plaque; Gingivitis; Gingival Hemorrhage
• Other Study ID Numbers: 775/2023; 51/166/2024 (Other Identifier: Institutional Review Board at Jordan University of Science and Technology)

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: YES
• IPD Plan Description: Individual participant data for plaque index (RMNPI), gingival index and patient-reported outcomes will be shared. Data will be stripped of all identifiers to protect participants privacy.
• IPD Sharing Time Frame: IPD and supporting documents will be available after publication of the main study results, for a period of one year.
• IPD Sharing Access Criteria: Access will be granted to qualified researchers who request the data via email to the principal investigator. Researchers must sign a data use agreement ensuring ethical use, confidentiality, and prohibition of attempts to identify participants.
• IPD Sharing Supporting Information Type: STUDY_PROTOCOL; SAP; ICF; CSR

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No
• product manufactured in and exported from the U.S.: No