The Effect of Virtual Reality Distraction on Pain and Discomfort Associated With Bitewing Radiographs in Pediatric Patients

This study will be conducted at King Abdulaziz University Dental Hospital (KAUDH). Ethical approval was obtained from the Research Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Dentistry at King Abdulaziz University (32-03-25).

Inclusion criteria will include healthy and cooperative children aged 4 to 12 years who are referred to the radiology department for two-bitewing radiographs. Children with a history of epilepsy or anxiety disorder will be excluded. The study's purpose, risks, benefits, and limitations will be explained to the parents or guardians of eligible children by trained dental interns. Those who agree to participate will be asked to sign an Arabic consent form before their involvement. Additionally, an assent form will be obtained from children aged seven and older.

Subjects' age, gender, previous dental experience, and behavior during previous dental visits, as assessed by Frankl's behavior rating scale , will be recorded, along with whether they own or have prior exposure to a virtual reality device. Only children with cooperative and definitely cooperative behavior will be included.

A randomization sequence with an allocation ratio of 1:1 will be generated using computer software and kept with a radiology assistant who is not involved in the study to ensure allocation concealment. Due to the nature of the study, neither the subject nor the radiologist will be blinded to the group allocation. However, the statistician will be blinded to which group each subject will be allocated.

Before taking the radiographs, subjects will be asked to select a video from a list of popular cartoon shows or a video of their preference. In the test group, the subjects will wear virtual reality device goggles (LG 360 virtual reality [VR] headset, LG Electronics) connected to a mobile phone, and the chosen video will be played. In the control group, radiographs will be taken without the use of any distraction device. The sounds of the videos will be played on headphones. All bitewing radiographs will be taken by the same radiologist, following the As Low As Reasonably Achievable (ALARA) protocol and hospital guidelines. The procedure uses either size one or size two bitewing Photostimulable Phosphor digital sensors, along with a film holder and a rectangular collimator. While taking the radiographs, the Tell-Show-Do behavior management technique will be used with all participating children, and they will be recorded with a high-resolution camera.

The camera will aim toward the face and the body. Later, two trained and calibrated evaluators will independently assess the participating children's behavioral pain using the face, legs, activity, cry, and consolability (FLACC) behavioral pain assessment scale. The FLACC scale ranges from 0 to 10, with 0 indicating no pain and 10 the worst possible pain. Additionally, the behavior during the BWS will also be recorded using Frankl's behavior rating scale classification. Training and calibration for the evaluators will involve watching videos of 20 randomly selected children during their dental treatment. A stopwatch will be used to measure the chair time required to take the radiographs. In the test group, the time needed to place the VR device will be included.

Immediately after taking the BWS, the subjects will be shown the Arabic version of the Wong-Baker FACES pain rating scale. They will be asked to select the face that best describes their feelings during the procedure. Finally, the satisfaction with the use of VR during BWS taking will be assessed using a five-point Likert scale, where zero indicates 'not satisfied at all' and 10 means' very satisfied'. Subjects who require repeating any of the BWS will be excluded from the study

Study Overview

• Status: Not yet recruiting
• Conditions: Satisfaction; Behavior; Objective Pain and Discomfort; Subjective Pain and Discomfort; Future Preferences
• Intervention / Treatment: Other: virtual reality device goggles

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Estimated): 90
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

• Study Contact: Name: Sara Mustafa Bagher, Associate Professor; Phone Number: 00966547433525; Email: sbagher@hotmail.com

Study Locations

• Saudi Arabia
  • Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
    • King Abdulaziz Univeristy

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: Child
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: Yes

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Healthy
2. Cooperative children
3. Aged 4 to 12 years
4. Referred to the radiology department for two-bitewing radiographs.

Exclusion Criteria:

1- Children with a history of epilepsy or anxiety disorder

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Other
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: Single

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: In the test group, the subjects will wear VR device goggles.; In the test group, the subjects will wear VR device goggles (LG 360 virtual reality [VR] headset, LG Electronics) connected to a mobile phone, and the chosen video will be played.	Other: virtual reality device goggles; virtual reality device goggles (LG 360 virtual reality [VR] headset, LG Electronics)
No Intervention: In the control group, radiographs will be taken without the use of any distraction device.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Objective main and discomfort	The camera will aim toward the face and the body. Later, two trained and calibrated evaluators will independently assess the participating children's behavioral pain using the FLACC scale. The FLACC scale ranges from 0 to 10, with 0 indicating no pain and 10 the worst possible pain.	While taking the BWS radiographs.
Subjective pain and discomfort	Immediately after taking the BWS, the subjects will be shown the Arabic version of the Wong-Baker FACES pain rating scale. They will be asked to select the face that best describes their feelings during the procedure. The participants choose the face that best describes their current feelings, ranging from 0 (no hurt) to 10 (worst pain).	Immediately after taking the BWS.

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
The behavior during the radiograph procedure.	The camera will aim toward the face and the body. Later, two trained and calibrated evaluators will independently assess the participating children's behavior during the radiograph procedure will also be recorded using Frankl's behavior rating scale classification	While taking the BWS radiographs
Satisfaction of the use of virtual reality	The satisfaction with the use of VR during radiograph taking will be assessed using a five-point Likert scale, where zero indicates 'not satisfied at all' and 10 means' very satisfied'.	Immediately after taking the BWS

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: King Abdulaziz University

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Estimated): February 1, 2026
• Primary Completion (Estimated): May 30, 2026
• Study Completion (Estimated): May 30, 2026

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: January 5, 2026
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: January 26, 2026
• First Posted (Actual): January 29, 2026

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): January 29, 2026
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: January 26, 2026
• Last Verified: January 1, 2026

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: Satisfaction, Virtual Reality, Bitewings Radiographs
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Personal Satisfaction; Behavior
• Other Study ID Numbers: KingAbdulazizU

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: NO

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No