Thumb Muscle Activation During First Dorsal Interosseous Exercise in Thumb Base Osteoarthritis

February 16, 2026 updated by: carmen menaya fernandez, University of Malaga

A Between-Group Comparison of First Dorsal Interosseous and Abductor Pollicis Longus Muscle Activation During First Dorsal Interosseous Exercise in Individuals With and Without Thumb Base Osteoarthritis

The aim of this study is to investigate whether there are differences in muscle activation of the First Dorsal Interosseous (FDI) and the Abductor Pollicis Longus (APL) between individuals with and without trapeziometacarpal osteoarthritis (TMC OA) of the thumb. The study also seeks to identify which exercises are most effective for activating these muscles, in order to inform rehabilitation strategies for patients.

The FDI has been defined as a key stabilizer of the thumb TMC joint. However, the literature reports various protocols for FDI activation and limited information on APL behavior during these exercises. OA TMC of the thumb can cause pain, decreased thumb strength, impaired hand function, and difficulty performing activities of daily living (ADLs). Appropriate rehabilitation is essential to maintain muscle function, limit joint degeneration, and improve hand performance; however, the exercises that optimally activate the FDI and APL muscles are not yet established.

Participants will perform a series of standardized exercises and functional tasks designed to activate the FDI and APL muscles. Exercises include FDI strengthening with elastic bands in different hand positions (palmar and ulnar support), as well as exercises with the thumb in greater abduction. Functional tasks simulating everyday activities (e.g., turning a key, picking up a coin, writing, squeezing a tube of toothpaste, and holding a glass of water) will also be performed. Muscle activity will be recorded using surface electromyography (sEMG) during all tasks.

Adults aged 40 years and older, both men and women, with TMC osteoarthritis and healthy controls without osteoarthritis will be invited to participate.

Researchers will measure the activation patterns of the FDI and APL muscles during the exercises and functional tasks. The study aims to identify exercises that optimally activate these muscles, providing evidence to guide the rehabilitation of patients with thumb base osteoarthritis.

Study Overview

Status

Not yet recruiting

Conditions

Detailed Description

Trapeziometacarpal osteoarthritis (OA TMC) of the thumb is a chronic and progressive degenerative disease characterized by loss of articular cartilage, subchondral sclerosis, capsuloligamentous laxity, and osteophyte formation in the first metacarpal. Patients typically present with pain and muscle weakness, which impair hand function and limit activities of daily living (ADLs), resulting in a considerable personal and social burden, including reduced quality of life and work disability. Previous studies have highlighted the clinical importance of thumb TMC joint stabilizers. Research has demonstrated that the first dorsal interosseous (FDI) functions as the main stabilizer of the TMC joint, whereas the abductor pollicis longus (APL) acts as a primary destabilizer. These findings suggest that rehabilitation programs should focus on strengthening the FDI to improve joint stability. However, despite the clinical importance of targeting these muscles, the literature reports varied exercise protocols for FDI activation and limited information on how the APL behaves during the same exercise.

The aim of this study is to investigate whether there are differences in muscle activation of the FDI and APL between individuals with and without thumb OA TMC and to identify which exercises are most effective or activating these muscles in order to inform rehabilitation strategies. Various activities of daily living will also be analyzed to assess FDI and APL activation during functional tasks. Adequate rehabilitation is essential for maintaining muscle function, slowing the progression of joint degeneration, and improving hand performance, yet it remains unclear which exercises and tasks optimally engage the FDI and APL muscles.

This is a cross-sectional observational comparative study with both within-subject and between-group analyses. The study includes two groups: adults aged 40 years and older, both men and women, with a clinical diagnosis of OA TMC and healthy controls without musculoskeletal or neurological disorders affecting the hand. Exclusion criteria include sensory disturbances such as numbness or tingling, cardiac pacemaker implantation, upper limb entrapment neuropathies or cervical radiculopathy, neuromuscular diseases, systemic conditions including diabetes or hypothyroidism, history of cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, anticoagulation therapy, chemotherapy, exposure to neurotoxins, or recent upper limb trauma or surgery.

Surface electromyography (sEMG) is used to record muscle activity of the FDI and APL. Skin is prepared by shaving if necessary and cleaning with alcohol to reduce impedance and ensure optimal adherence of surface electrodes. Bipolar surface electrodes with a diameter of 20 millimeters and an inter-electrode distance of 20 millimeters are placed according to SENIAM guidelines. For the FDI, electrodes are positioned over the dorsal belly of the muscle aligned with fiber direction, with one electrode in the distal ulnar region between the first and second metacarpals. For the APL, electrodes are placed approximately five centimeters distal to the wrist, medial to the radius, longitudinally aligned and transversely away from adjacent muscles. Electrode placement is verified by palpation and selective activation tasks.

Participants perform a series of twelve standardized exercises and functional tasks commonly used in conservative rehabilitation of OA TMC. The first six tasks are exercises designed to activate the FDI and include variations of index finger abduction with ulnar support, elastic resistance with ulnar support, elastic resistance with palmar support using a ball, palmar support without resistance, elastic resistance with palmar support, and elastic resistance with maximal palmar abduction of the thumb. The remaining six tasks simulate ADLs and include turning a key toward the ulnar side, turning a key toward the radial side, picking up a coin, writing a word with a pen, squeezing a full tube of toothpaste, and holding a glass of water while performing a drinking gesture. Each task is performed in three consecutive three-second isometric repetitions with a thirty-second rest between repetitions to minimize fatigue.

It is hypothesized that individuals with thumb TMC osteoarthritis will demonstrate altered activation patterns of the FDI and APL compared with healthy controls, and that specific exercises and functional tasks will elicit greater FDI activation, supporting targeted interventions to enhance joint stability and hand function in patients with thumb base osteoarthritis.

Study Type

Observational

Enrollment (Estimated)

60

Contacts and Locations

This section provides the contact details for those conducting the study, and information on where this study is being conducted.

Study Contact

  • Name: CARMEN MENAYA FERNANDEZ, Doctoral Student
  • Phone Number: +34658424375
  • Email: cmenayaf@uma.es

Study Locations

  • Spain
      • Málaga, Spain
        • Universidad de Málaga

Participation Criteria

Researchers look for people who fit a certain description, called eligibility criteria. Some examples of these criteria are a person's general health condition or prior treatments.

Eligibility Criteria

Ages Eligible for Study

  • Adult
  • Older Adult

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Yes

Sampling Method

Non-Probability Sample

Study Population

The study population will include adults aged 40 years and older, both men and women, divided into two groups. The first group will consist of individuals with a clinical diagnosis of thumb trapeziometacarpal osteoarthritis, and the second group will consist of healthy controls without musculoskeletal or neurological disorders affecting the hand.

Description

Inclusion criteria for the TMC OA group:

- Clinical diagnosis of thumb TMC osteoarthritis.

Inclusion criteria for the healthy group:

- Participants with no history of musculoskeletal or neurological disorders affecting the dominant hand were included.

Exclusion Criteria :

  • Presence of numbness, tingling, or other sensory disturbances
  • Cardiac pacemaker implantation
  • Upper limb entrapment neuropathy or cervical radiculopathy
  • History of neuromuscular disease, polyneuropathy, or plexopathy
  • Systemic diseases such as diabetes, hypothyroidism, or chronic liver or kidney disease
  • History of cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, active anticoagulation therapy, chemotherapy, or exposure to neurotoxins
  • Recent upper limb soft tissue or bone injury (trauma, fracture, or surgery of the arm or neck).

Study Plan

This section provides details of the study plan, including how the study is designed and what the study is measuring.

How is the study designed?

Design Details

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Surface electromyographic amplitude of the First Dorsal Interosseous muscle.
Time Frame: During performance of the 12 standardized exercises and functional tasks
Mean surface electromyographic amplitude of the First Dorsal Interosseous muscle recorded during each of the 12 standardized exercises and functional tasks.
During performance of the 12 standardized exercises and functional tasks
Surface electromyographic amplitude of the Abductor Pollicis Longus muscle
Time Frame: During performance of the 12 standardized exercises and functional tasks
Mean surface electromyographic amplitude of the Abductor Pollicis Longus muscle recorded during each of the 12 standardized exercises and functional tasks.
During performance of the 12 standardized exercises and functional tasks

Collaborators and Investigators

This is where you will find people and organizations involved with this study.

Sponsor

University of Malaga

Publications and helpful links

The person responsible for entering information about the study voluntarily provides these publications. These may be about anything related to the study.

General Publications

Study record dates

These dates track the progress of study record and summary results submissions to ClinicalTrials.gov. Study records and reported results are reviewed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to make sure they meet specific quality control standards before being posted on the public website.

Study Major Dates

Study Start (Estimated)

January 28, 2026

Primary Completion (Estimated)

May 1, 2026

Study Completion (Estimated)

August 1, 2026

Study Registration Dates

First Submitted

February 4, 2026

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

February 16, 2026

First Posted (Actual)

February 19, 2026

Study Record Updates

Last Update Posted (Actual)

February 19, 2026

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

February 16, 2026

Last Verified

February 1, 2026

More Information

Terms related to this study

Keywords

Other Study ID Numbers

  • UMA-AOTMC-2026-001

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?

UNDECIDED

Drug and device information, study documents

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product

No

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product

No

This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.

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