Comparative Effects of Calisthenic and Exercise Snack

Comparative Effects of Music-Accompanied Calisthenic and Exercise Snack Interventions on Pain, Locomotor Performance, and Quality of Life in Healthy Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial

This study aimed to compare the effects of music-accompanied exercise snacks and calisthenic exercises on pain, locomotor performance, quality of life, and physical activity-related outcomes in healthy older adults.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Healthy Older Adults
• Intervention / Treatment: Other: Calisthenic Exercise; Other: Snack exercise

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 79
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• Turkey (Türkiye)
  • Denizli
    • Denizli, Denizli, Turkey (Türkiye), 20060
      • Sinem Yenil Kocabay

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: Older Adult
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: Yes

Description

Inclusion Criteria: Voluntary individuals aged 65 years and older, without any contraindication to exercise participation and able to speak and understand Turkish, were included in the study.

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Treatment
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: Single

Number of Arms

3

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
No Intervention: Control
Active Comparator: Calisthenic	Other: Calisthenic Exercise; Participants in the CEG performed music-accompanied bodyweight exercises, with each session lasting approximately 20 minutes.
Experimental: Snack	Other: Snack exercise; Participants in the ESG performed music-accompanied exercise sessions under physiotherapist supervision twice weekly for 6 weeks.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Timed Up and Go Test (TUG)	The test measures the time required to stand up from a chair, walk 3 meters at a safe and comfortable speed, turn around, walk back, and sit down again. Shorter completion times indicate better balance and mobility performance.	Preintervention, postintervention 6th week
30-Second Sit-to-Stand Test	The 30-Second Sit-to-Stand Test was used to assess lower extremity strength and endurance as indicators of functional performance in older adults. The number of complete sit-to-stand repetitions performed within 30 seconds was recorded as the test score	Preintervention, postintervention 6th week
Stair Climb Test	Participants were instructed to ascend and descend a staircase consisting of nine steps (16-20 cm in height) as quickly and safely as possible. Total completion time was recorded as the outcome measure.	Preintervention, postintervention 6th week
Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES)	The Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES) is an 8-item unidimensional instrument assessing positive feelings such as enjoyment and pleasure associated with physical activity. Responses are rated on a 7-point Likert scale ranging from 1 ("strongly disagree") to 7 ("strongly agree"). Higher mean scores indicate greater enjoyment of physical activity.	Preintervention, postintervention 6th week

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Pain Assessment	Pain perceived during rest, walking, and stair ascent/descent was assessed using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS). The distance (mm) between the "no pain" anchor and the participant's mark on a 10-cm line was measured, yielding a score ranging from 0 to 100. Higher scores indicate greater pain intensity.	Preintervention, postintervention 6th week
Pain Disability Index (PDI)	The PDI consists of seven items evaluating the impact of pain on daily functional activities. Participants rate each item on a scale from 0 to 10. Total scores range from 0 to 70, with scores ≥40 indicating high disability. Higher scores reflect greater disability severity.	Preintervention, postintervention 6th week
Modified Falls Efficacy Scale (MFES)	The MFES is based on a visual analog scale assessing confidence in performing daily activities without falling. Participants rate their confidence for each activity on a scale ranging from 0 (no confidence) to 10 (complete confidence). The total score is divided by 14 to obtain the final score. Higher scores indicate lower fall risk, whereas lower scores indicate greater fall risk.	Preintervention, postintervention 6th week
Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile for Older Adults (HPLP-OA)	The HPLP-OA was developed to evaluate health-promoting behaviors in adults aged 65 years and older. The scale consists of 22 items scored on a 4-point Likert scale. Total scores range from 22 to 88, with higher scores indicating greater frequency of health-promoting behaviors.	Preintervention, postintervention 6th week
International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ)	The IPAQ assesses time spent in physical activities during the previous week, including sitting, walking, moderate-intensity activity, and vigorous-intensity activity. Scores are calculated as MET-minutes/week by multiplying duration, frequency, and metabolic equivalent (MET) values.	Preintervention, postintervention 6th week
World Health Organization Quality of Life Scale-Older Adults Module (WHOQOL-OLD TR)	The WHOQOL-OLD module consists of 24 items across six domains, rated using a 5-point Likert scale. Subscale scores range from 4 to 20, and a total score can also be calculated by summing domain scores. Higher scores indicate better quality of life.	Preintervention, postintervention 6th week

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Pamukkale University

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): January 20, 2026
• Primary Completion (Actual): April 1, 2026
• Study Completion (Actual): April 20, 2026

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: May 16, 2026
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: May 16, 2026
• First Posted (Actual): May 22, 2026

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): May 22, 2026
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: May 16, 2026
• Last Verified: January 1, 2026

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Other Study ID Numbers: E-60116787-020-811341

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No