Ultraäänen IPP LUTS/BPH:n lääkehoitovasteeseen ennustamiseen

Participants with lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia and intravesical prostatic protrusion less than 5 millimetres measured by transabdominal ultrasonography at bladder volume 100-200 millilitres. Participants received medical therapy as prescribed by the treating urologist and were followed for 6 months with assessments at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months including International Prostate Symptom Score/quality of life, uroflowmetry, and ultrasound parameters.

Transabdominal ultrasonography; TAUS; Ultrasound IPP measurement Intervention Description: Intravesical prostatic protrusion was measured using transabdominal ultrasonography in the midsagittal plane at a bladder volume of approximately 100-200 millilitres. The measurement was defined as the distance (millimetres) from the bladder neck to the tip of the protruding prostatic tissue, and participants were categorized into Grade I (<5 millimetres), Grade II (5-10 millimetres), or Grade III (>10 millimetres). Ultrasound assessment was performed at baseline and during follow-up per protocol.

Participants received an alpha-adrenergic blocker as part of standard medical therapy for benign prostatic hyperplasia-related lower urinary tract symptoms. The specific agent, dose, dosing frequency, and duration were prescribed by the treating urologist and recorded throughout follow-up.

Participants received a 5-alpha reductase inhibitor as part of standard medical therapy for benign prostatic hyperplasia-related lower urinary tract symptoms. The specific agent, dose, dosing frequency, and duration were prescribed by the treating urologist and recorded throughout follow-up.

Participants with lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia and intravesical prostatic protrusion 5 to 10 millimetres measured by transabdominal ultrasonography at bladder volume 100-200 millilitres. Participants received medical therapy as prescribed by the treating urologist and were followed for 6 months with assessments at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months including International Prostate Symptom Score/quality of life, uroflowmetry, and ultrasound parameters.

Transabdominal ultrasonography; TAUS; Ultrasound IPP measurement Intervention Description: Intravesical prostatic protrusion was measured using transabdominal ultrasonography in the midsagittal plane at a bladder volume of approximately 100-200 millilitres. The measurement was defined as the distance (millimetres) from the bladder neck to the tip of the protruding prostatic tissue, and participants were categorized into Grade I (<5 millimetres), Grade II (5-10 millimetres), or Grade III (>10 millimetres). Ultrasound assessment was performed at baseline and during follow-up per protocol.

Participants received an alpha-adrenergic blocker as part of standard medical therapy for benign prostatic hyperplasia-related lower urinary tract symptoms. The specific agent, dose, dosing frequency, and duration were prescribed by the treating urologist and recorded throughout follow-up.

Participants received a 5-alpha reductase inhibitor as part of standard medical therapy for benign prostatic hyperplasia-related lower urinary tract symptoms. The specific agent, dose, dosing frequency, and duration were prescribed by the treating urologist and recorded throughout follow-up.

Participants with lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia and intravesical prostatic protrusion greater than 10 millimetres measured by transabdominal ultrasonography at bladder volume 100-200 millilitres. Participants received medical therapy as prescribed by the treating urologist and were followed for 6 months with assessments at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months including International Prostate Symptom Score/quality of life, uroflowmetry, and ultrasound parameters.

Transabdominal ultrasonography; TAUS; Ultrasound IPP measurement Intervention Description: Intravesical prostatic protrusion was measured using transabdominal ultrasonography in the midsagittal plane at a bladder volume of approximately 100-200 millilitres. The measurement was defined as the distance (millimetres) from the bladder neck to the tip of the protruding prostatic tissue, and participants were categorized into Grade I (<5 millimetres), Grade II (5-10 millimetres), or Grade III (>10 millimetres). Ultrasound assessment was performed at baseline and during follow-up per protocol.

Participants received an alpha-adrenergic blocker as part of standard medical therapy for benign prostatic hyperplasia-related lower urinary tract symptoms. The specific agent, dose, dosing frequency, and duration were prescribed by the treating urologist and recorded throughout follow-up.

Participants received a 5-alpha reductase inhibitor as part of standard medical therapy for benign prostatic hyperplasia-related lower urinary tract symptoms. The specific agent, dose, dosing frequency, and duration were prescribed by the treating urologist and recorded throughout follow-up.

The International Prostate Symptom Score was used to quantify lower urinary tract symptom severity. The outcome was the change in total score between baseline (pre-treatment) and the 6-month follow-up visit. The International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) is a seven-item questionnaire assessing lower urinary tract symptom severity. Each item is scored from 0 to 5, giving a total score ranging from 0 to 35, with higher scores indicating more severe symptoms. The outcome was the change in total IPSS from baseline to the 6-month follow-up visit.

Change in the quality of life index associated with the Intenational Prostate Symptom Score between baseline and 6 months. The International Prostate Symptom Score quality-of-life (IPSS-QoL) question is a single item scored from 0 to 6, where 0 indicates the best quality of life and 6 indicates the worst quality of life related to urinary symptoms. Higher scores indicate worse quality of life. The outcome was the change in IPSS-QoL score from baseline to the 6-month follow-up visit.

Change in maximum urinary flow rate measured by uroflowmetry between baseline and 6 months.

Change in post-void residual urine volume measured by transabdominal ultrasonography between baseline and 6 months.

Change in detrusor wall thickness measured by transabdominal ultrasonography between baseline and 6 months.

Proportion of participants who required escalation of management during follow-up (for example, change or intensification of medical therapy or referral for surgical management) due to persistent symptoms or poor objective improvement.