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Ketorolac bij lagere doses voor analgetische pijnbestrijding in de ICU: een piloot haalbaarheidsstudie (KETOROLAC-ICU)

24 september 2026 bijgewerkt door: University of Alberta

Ketorolac bij lagere doses voor analgetische pijncontrole in de ICU: een gerandomiseerde, geblindeerde, parallelle groep, placebo-gecontroleerde studie om het effect van ketorolac op pijnscores en opiaatgebruik vast te stellen voor ernstig zieke patiënten

Opiates are commonly used to control pain in critically ill patients in the ICU. However, increased rates of opiate use in hospital may lead to increased prescription-based opiate dependence after leaving the ICU. This may contribute to the ongoing opiate epidemic across the world. Other medications that can reduce pain, like non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), are being studied in critically ill patients. These drugs block the enzyme, cyclooxygenases (COX), which causes inflammation in the body. Blocking these enzymes can decrease pain, fever, and inflammation. Traditionally, NSAIDs are not commonly used in critically ill patients due to the perceived risk of gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding and acute kidney injury (AKI). However, many critically ill patients are already receiving medications and treatments to prevent GI bleeding and AKI and are closely monitored so these medications may be useful in reducing pain for these patients.

The purpose of this study is to see whether NSAIDs can be used safely in critically ill patients to reduce the dose of opiates required for pain control. This is a pilot study or a feasibility study, which is not expected to answer the question definitively. Its main purpose is to determine if NSAIDs could reduce the use of opiates in critically ill patients while in the ICU. The data collected in this study may be used in a larger study in the future.

Studie Overzicht

Toestand

Werving

Conditie

Interventie / Behandeling

Gedetailleerde beschrijving

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to determine the feasibility of conducting a future, adequately powered large-scale randomized trial, while evaluating the safety and efficacy of an intravenous NSAID (e.g., ketorolac) plus usual care as compared to placebo plus usual care in critically ill patients.

Hypothesis: The investigators hypothesize that this single-centre pilot study will demonstrate that NSAIDs administration is feasible and safe in ICU patients and may potentially reduce opiate use in ICU patients with pain.

Justification: Pain control in ICU is difficult to achieve given that opiates are the mainstay of analgesia in critically ill patients, but this is not without unintended side effects, especially unintended consequences of possible future drug dependence or addictions. Given that opiates and other adjunctive pain medications (e.g., acetaminophen) are being utilized at high proportional rates, and that NSAIDs are used at relatively low rates (due to the theoretical risk of increased AKI and GI bleeds), there is potential for practice change for increased NSAID use at lower doses to reduce pain and opiate use, while not increasing risks.

Objectives: The primary objective of this pilot trial is to assess the feasibility of a larger clinical trial utilizing NSAIDs in the ICU for patients with pain. The primary outcomes of the pilot feasibility trial are: recruitment and consent rates, proportion of eligible participants who are randomized vs. not randomized, retention and protocol adherence rates.

The secondary objectives are to assess safety of the proposed trial (e.g. gastrointestinal bleeding, acute kidney injury, death) and efficacy outcomes (e.g. participant pain scores, opiate and other analgesia usage).

Research Methods/Procedures: The investigators have designed KETOROLAC-ICU as a pilot randomized controlled trial (prospective, single centre, parallel-group, concealed, blinded) examining the use of low-dose ketorolac for critically ill patients.

Studietype

Ingrijpend

Inschrijving (Geschat)

30

Fase

  • Fase 3

Contacten en locaties

In dit gedeelte vindt u de contactgegevens van degenen die het onderzoek uitvoeren en informatie over waar dit onderzoek wordt uitgevoerd.

Studiecontact

Studie Locaties

  • Canada
    • Alberta
      • Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2B7
        • Werving
        • University of Alberta Hospital
        • Contact:

Deelname Criteria

Onderzoekers zoeken naar mensen die aan een bepaalde beschrijving voldoen, de zogenaamde geschiktheidscriteria. Enkele voorbeelden van deze criteria zijn iemands algemene gezondheidstoestand of eerdere behandelingen.

Geschiktheidscriteria

Leeftijden die in aanmerking komen voor studie

18 jaar en ouder (Volwassen, Oudere volwassene)

Accepteert gezonde vrijwilligers

Nee

Geslachten die in aanmerking komen voor studie

Allemaal

Beschrijving

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Age > 18 years
  • Admission to intensive care unit (ICU)
  • Participants with pain (Critical Care Pain Observation Tool [CPOT] > 1 and/or self-report pains score >1 on visual analogue scale [VAS] or numerical rating scale [NRS])

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Serum Cr > 100 mmol/L for females, and >130 mmol/L for males
  • Ongoing ACEi (angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor)/ARB (angiotensin receptor blocker) use in ICU
  • Known hyperkalemia > 5.5
  • Pre-existing chronic kidney disease (CKD Stage > 3), defined by a serum Cr > 100 mmol/L for females, and >130 mmol/L for males (at the time of screening, based on pre-hospital stable outpatient baseline values)
  • New acute kidney injury KDIGO Stage > 2 (increased more than > 2-to-3 times in serum creatinine above baseline AND/OR <0.5mL/kg/hour urine output for >12 hours)
  • Pre-existing gastrointestinal bleeding (within 12 weeks of hospital admission, requiring hospitalization or medical evaluation), new peptic ulcer disease, esophagitis, esophageal varices within the last 3 months
  • Active gastric / duodenal / peptic ulcer, active GI bleeding
  • Prior contraindications/allergies to NSAIDS or stress ulcer prophylaxis, specifically if a participant has had an anaphylactic reaction (asthma or urticaria) or non-anaphylactic asthma reaction to NSAIDs or any stress ulcer prophylaxis, e.g. proton pump inhibitor, histamine-2-blockers, etc. (e.g. proton pump inhibitor, histamine-2-blockers, etc.)
  • Complete or partial syndrome of ASA-intolerance (e.g. rhinosinusitis, urticaria/angioedema, nasal polyps, asthma)
  • Participants who are not receiving stress ulcer prophylaxis (e.g. proton pump inhibitor, histamine-2-blockers, etc.) while in ICU
  • Any active bleeding (requiring any blood products or adjunctive coagulation agents, any output of blood >100 mL/hr, e.g. chest tube drainage, abdominal cavity drain, etc.)
  • Currently receiving NSAID(s) for another indication
  • Inflammatory bowel disease (e.g. participants with prior diagnosis of Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis)
  • Receiving probenecid, oxpentifylline or pentoxifylline
  • Active ischemic heart disease (acute myocardial infarction, acute coronary syndrome during current hospital admission)
  • Moderate-severe uncontrolled heart failure (New York Heart Association: Class II-IV)
  • Moderate to severe liver impairment or active liver disease (Operational definition: participants with prior history of Child-Pugh class B (moderate) or C (severe) liver cirrhosis, OR Model for End-Stage Liver Disease-Sodium (MELD-Na) score >25, OR active acute liver failure: severe acute liver injury with encephalopathy and impaired synthetic function International Normalized Ratio (INR) >1.5 with or without pre-existing liver disease)
  • Active cerebrovascular bleeding or stroke (cerebrovascular accident, transient ischemic attacks and/or amaurosis fugax, e.g. participants with active stroke symptoms within current hospital admission)
  • Cerebrovascular bleeding or other bleeding disorders
  • Coagulation disorders, post-operative patients with high haemorrhagic risk or incomplete haemostasis in patients with suspected or confirmed cerebrovascular bleeding
  • Neuraxial (epidural or intrathecal) administration of ketorolac tromethamine injection due to its alcohol content
  • Rhabdomyolysis (creatinine kinase >5000 U/L)
  • Recent transplant (during same hospital admission, e.g., heart, lung, kidney, liver, etc.)
  • Known allergy to ketorolac or other NSAIDs
  • Participants expected to stay in ICU < 48 hours
  • In the opinion of the attending physician, expected death or withdrawal of life-sustaining treatments within 48 hours
  • Participant is known to be pregnant and/or breastfeeding
  • Most responsible physician, participant, or substitute decision maker declines study participation (and reason)

Studie plan

Dit gedeelte bevat details van het studieplan, inclusief hoe de studie is opgezet en wat de studie meet.

Hoe is de studie opgezet?

Ontwerpdetails

  • Primair doel: Behandeling
  • Toewijzing: Gerandomiseerd
  • Interventioneel model: Parallelle opdracht
  • Masker: Verviervoudigen

Wapens en interventies

Deelnemersgroep / Arm
Interventie / Behandeling
Experimenteel: Ketorolac

Ketorolac administration + standard of care.

Participants will not be allowed to have co-administered alternative NSAIDs during the duration of their exposure on the study drug. After each administered dose, overall analgesic requirements should be assessed by the treating team (as per local institutional guidelines and practices), with attempts to wean analgesic infusions or use reduced doses of analgesic medications (especially if objective pain score measures are zero, e.g. CPOT or NRS/VAS).
Geneesmiddel: Ketorolac

Ketorolac 15 mg IV q6h for a maximum of 3 days total or discharge from ICU (whichever comes first). The ketorolac will be diluted in a 0.9% normal saline 10 mL syringe.
Placebo-vergelijker: Placebo

Placebo administration + standard of care.

Participants will not be allowed to have co-administered alternative NSAIDs during the duration of their exposure on the study drug. After each administered dose, overall analgesic requirements should be assessed by the treating team (as per local institutional guidelines and practices), with attempts to wean analgesic infusions or use reduced doses of analgesic medications (especially if objective pain score measures are zero, e.g. CPOT or NRS/VAS).
Geneesmiddel: Placebo

Matching placebo IV q6h for a maximum of 3 days total or discharge from ICU (whichever comes first). The matching placebo will be diluted in a 0.9% normal saline 10 mL syringe.

Wat meet het onderzoek?

Primaire uitkomstmaten

Uitkomstmaat
Maatregel Beschrijving
Tijdsspanne
Feasibility - Recruitment and Retention
Tijdsspanne: Days 1-7, 90

Recruitment rate at pilot site (participants/month), consent rates of eligible participants, proportion of eligible participants not randomized, and participant retention rates.
Days 1-7, 90
Feasibility - Protocol Adherence
Tijdsspanne: Days 1-7, 90

Rates of protocol adherence and reasons for protocol non-adherence.
Days 1-7, 90

Secundaire uitkomstmaten

Uitkomstmaat
Maatregel Beschrijving
Tijdsspanne
Opioid Use
Tijdsspanne: Baseline; Days 1-7, 14, 21, 28, 90

The administration of opioid medications (converted into oral morphine equivalents)
Baseline; Days 1-7, 14, 21, 28, 90
Pain Scores - Critical Care Pain Observation Tool (CPOT)
Tijdsspanne: Baseline; Days 1-7, 14, 21, 28

The critical care pain observation tool (CPOT) is used by healthcare workers to measure four indicators of pain: facial expression, body movements, muscle tension, and compliance with the ventilator (or vocalization for extubated participants). Each of the four indicators are ranked from 0 to 2, with higher numbers describing more pain behaviors.
Baseline; Days 1-7, 14, 21, 28
Pain Scores - Visual Analog Scale (VAS)
Tijdsspanne: Baseline; Days 1-7, 14, 21, 28

The visual analog scale (VAS) is a self-reported measure of a participant's level of pain. This tool consists of a single, 10cm long line, with one end titled "No pain" and the other end titled "Pain as bad as it could possibly be." The participant then draws a mark on the line that corresponds to their level of pain. This mark is later quantified in distance from the "no pain" side of the line.
Baseline; Days 1-7, 14, 21, 28
Pain Scores - Numerical Pain Rating Scale (NRS)
Tijdsspanne: Baseline; Days 1-7, 14, 21, 28

The numerical pain rating scale (NRS) is a self-reported measure of a participant's level of pain. Participants are asked to rank their pain on a scale of 0 to 10, with 0 representing no pain, and 10 representing the worst possible pain.
Baseline; Days 1-7, 14, 21, 28
Safety - Acute Kidney Injury
Tijdsspanne: Days 1-7, 28

KDIGO Stage ≥ 2 (increased serum creatinine > 2-3 times above baseline AND/OR <0.5mL/kg/hour urine output for >12 hours) AND/OR need for renal replacement therapy
Days 1-7, 28
Safety - Gastrointestinal (GI) Bleeding
Tijdsspanne: Days 1-7, 28

Clinically significant GI bleeding (visual and physiological evidence of overt GI bleeding)
Days 1-7, 28
Safety - Other
Tijdsspanne: Days 1-28

Occurrence of any adverse and/or serious adverse events
Days 1-28
All-Cause Mortality
Tijdsspanne: Days 28, 90

All-cause mortality in ICU, in hospital, or post-discharge.
Days 28, 90
Health-Related Quality of Life (EQ-5D-5L)
Tijdsspanne: Day 90

EuroQol's Health-Related Quality of Life questionnaire (EQ-5D-5L) is a self-reported measure of a participant's current health status and quality of life. This questionnaire consists of 5 questions, each representing a different dimension of health-related quality of life: mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression. Each question has 5 possible responses, ranging from "no problem" (score of 1) to "unable/extreme problems" (score of 5).
Day 90
Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS)
Tijdsspanne: Baseline; Day 90

The Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS) is a tool to describe a participant's frailty and level of functioning. This scale ranges from "Very Fit" (score of 1) to "Terminally Ill" (score of 9).
Baseline; Day 90
Cognitive Measures
Tijdsspanne: Days 1-28

Delirium incidence (ICDSC scores ≥ 4), duration of decreased level of consciousness (LOC) due to moderate-severe sedation (RASS scores ≤ -3), duration of decreased LOC requiring intubation or ongoing mechanical ventilation (GCS < 8)
Days 1-28
Organ Support
Tijdsspanne: Days 1-7, 14, 21, 28, 90

Use and duration of invasive mechanical ventilation (including rates of reintubation), non-invasive ventilation, renal replacement therapy, and vasopressors
Days 1-7, 14, 21, 28, 90
Length of Admission
Tijdsspanne: Day 90

ICU length of stay, hospital length of stay, readmission episodes
Day 90
Procedures
Tijdsspanne: Days 1-7, 28

Need for endoscopy (EGD or colonoscopy), angiography, and/or exploratory laparotomy
Days 1-7, 28
Other Analgesia
Tijdsspanne: Days 1-7, 14, 21, 28, 90

Administration of non-opioid analgesic medications
Days 1-7, 14, 21, 28, 90

Medewerkers en onderzoekers

Hier vindt u mensen en organisaties die betrokken zijn bij dit onderzoek.

Sponsor

University of Alberta

Onderzoekers

  • Hoofdonderzoeker: Vincent I Lau, MD MSc, University of Alberta

Studie record data

Deze datums volgen de voortgang van het onderzoeksdossier en de samenvatting van de ingediende resultaten bij ClinicalTrials.gov. Studieverslagen en gerapporteerde resultaten worden beoordeeld door de National Library of Medicine (NLM) om er zeker van te zijn dat ze voldoen aan specifieke kwaliteitscontrolenormen voordat ze op de openbare website worden geplaatst.

Bestudeer belangrijke data

Studie start (Werkelijk)

23 juni 2025

Primaire voltooiing (Geschat)

1 december 2026

Studie voltooiing (Geschat)

1 december 2027

Studieregistratiedata

Eerst ingediend

30 januari 2025

Eerst ingediend dat voldeed aan de QC-criteria

5 februari 2025

Eerst geplaatst (Werkelijk)

11 februari 2025

Updates van studierecords

Laatste update geplaatst (Werkelijk)

28 september 2026

Laatste update ingediend die voldeed aan QC-criteria

24 september 2026

Laatst geverifieerd

1 september 2026

Meer informatie

Termen gerelateerd aan deze studie

Trefwoorden

Aanvullende relevante MeSH-voorwaarden

Andere studie-ID-nummers

  • Pro00126948

Informatie over medicijnen en apparaten, studiedocumenten

Bestudeert een door de Amerikaanse FDA gereguleerd geneesmiddel

Nee

Bestudeert een door de Amerikaanse FDA gereguleerd apparaatproduct

Nee

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