Feasibility of the Mindfulness Flow Program (MFP) on Archers

September 22, 2023 updated by: Lo Ka Kay Cynthia, Hong Kong Metropolitan University

Examining the Feasibility of the Mindfulness Flow Program (MFP) on Archers

Mindfulness-based interventions have gained popularity among elite athletes, but their effectiveness for enhancing archery performance remains inconsistent. This study examined the feasibility of a 12-week mindfulness flow program (MFP) specifically designed for archers, and assessed the effect of the MFP on shooting performance. The intervention aims to enhance shooting performance, mindfulness, and the flow state, while reducing post-intervention anxiety.

Study Overview

Status

Status

Indicates the current recruitment status or the expanded access status.
Completed

Conditions

Conditions

The disease, disorder, syndrome, illness, or injury that is being studied. On ClinicalTrials.gov, conditions may also include other health-related issues, such as lifespan, quality of life, and health risks.

Intervention / Treatment

Intervention / Treatment

A process or action that is the focus of a clinical study. Interventions include drugs, medical devices, procedures, vaccines, and other products that are either investigational or already available. Interventions can also include noninvasive approaches, such as education or modifying diet and exercise.

Detailed Description

The primary goal of the present study was to test the feasibility of a prototype mindfulness flow program (MFP), with 11 sessions conducted via Zoom video meeting and one in-person session of sport-specific session. Additionally, the program seeks to examine the psychological outcomes associated with the intervention specifically among archery athletes. It is anticipated that the experimental group will show reduced anxiety levels and increased levels of mindfulness and flow when comparing their baseline and post-intervention assessments. This study explores the potential of delivering mindfulness programs conveniently to sport populations via the internet, supplemented by one face-to-face sport-specific session to enhance mindfulness and improve sports performance among athletes.

Study Type

Study Type

Describes the nature of a clinical study. Study types include interventional studies (also called clinical trials), observational studies (including patient registries), and expanded access.
Interventional

Enrollment (Actual)

Enrollment

The number of participants in a clinical study. The "anticipated" enrollment is the target number of participants that the researchers need for the study.
12

Phase

Phase

The stage of a clinical trial studying a drug or biological product, based on definitions developed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The phase is based on the study's objective, the number of participants, and other characteristics. There are five phases: Early Phase 1 (formerly listed as Phase 0), Phase 1, Phase 2, Phase 3, and Phase 4. Not Applicable is used to describe trials without FDA-defined phases, including trials of devices or behavioral interventions.
  • Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

This section provides the contact details for those conducting the study, and information on where this study is being conducted.

Study Locations

  • Hong Kong
      • Hong Kong, Hong Kong
        • Lion Rock Archery Venue

Participation Criteria

Researchers look for people who fit a certain description, called eligibility criteria. Some examples of these criteria are a person's general health condition or prior treatments.

Eligibility Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

The key requirements that people who want to participate in a clinical study must meet or the characteristics they must have. Eligibility criteria consist of both inclusion criteria (which are required for a person to participate in the study) and exclusion criteria (which prevent a person from participating). Types of eligibility criteria include whether a study accepts healthy volunteers, has age or age group requirements, or is limited by sex.

Ages Eligible for Study

  • Child
  • Adult

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

No

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

  • at least one year of archery training experience and training for at least two hours per week

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Participants who had previously participated in a mindfulness session were excluded

Study Plan

This section provides details of the study plan, including how the study is designed and what the study is measuring.

How is the study designed?

Design Details

  • Primary Purpose: Treatment
  • Allocation: N/A
  • Interventional Model: Single Group Assignment
  • Masking: None (Open Label)

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm

Participant Group / Arm

A group or subgroup of participants in a clinical trial that receives a specific intervention/treatment, or no intervention, according to the trial's protocol.
Intervention / Treatment

Intervention / Treatment

A process or action that is the focus of a clinical study. Interventions include drugs, medical devices, procedures, vaccines, and other products that are either investigational or already available. Interventions can also include noninvasive approaches, such as education or modifying diet and exercise.
Experimental: Mindfulness Flow Program
Mindfulness flow program, with 11 sessions conducted via Zoom video meeting and one in-person session of sport-specific session.
Behavioral: Mindfulness Flow Program
The mindfulness flow program (MFP) consisted of eleven 60-minute sessions via Zoom, with one session per week. Additionally, a 120-minute in-person sport-specific session were conducted.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Primary Outcome Measures

In a clinical study's protocol, the planned outcome measure that is the most important for evaluating the effect of an intervention/treatment. Most clinical studies have one primary outcome measure, but some have more than one.
Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Feasibility of the Mindfulness Flow Program (MFP)
Time Frame: up to two weeks
To assess the feasibility of the MFP, the athletes completed a feedback evaluation questionnaire adapted from Kuyken immediately after the end of the intervention (Kuyken et al., 2013). The questionnaire included questions about the number of sessions attended, the frequency of mindfulness practice after class, and the likelihood of continuing to use what they had learned from the course and of introducing the course to other athletes. The athletes rated their enjoyment of each session, on a 10-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (strongly disliked) to 10 (strongly liked).
up to two weeks

Secondary Outcome Measures

Secondary Outcome Measures

In a clinical study's protocol, a planned outcome measure that is not as important as the primary outcome measure for evaluating the effect of an intervention but is still of interest. Most clinical studies have more than one secondary outcome measure.
Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Shooting scores
Time Frame: up to 20 weeks
Shooting scores was assessed using the World Archery Federation's qualifying competition procedures (World Archery Federation, 2022). All of the shooters were required to complete 72 shots. The total scores for the 72 shots were used for further analysis. Higher total scores indicated better shooting performance.
up to 20 weeks
Cognitive State Anxiety
Time Frame: up to 20 weeks
Cognitive state anxiety was assessed using the the Chinese Version (Cox et al., 2003) of the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 Questionnaire (CSAI-2; Martens et al., 1990). The cognitive state anxiety scale consisted of nine items. Each item was scored on a 4-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (not at all) to 4 (very much so). Higher scores indicate higher cognitive state anxiety level.
up to 20 weeks
Somatic State Anxiety
Time Frame: up to 20 weeks
Somatic state anxiety was assessed using the Chinese Version (Cox et al., 2003) of the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 Questionnaire (CSAI-2; Martens et al., 1990). The somatic state anxiety scale consisted of nine items. Each item was scored on a 4-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (not at all) to 4 (very much so). Higher scores indicate higher somatic state anxiety level.
up to 20 weeks
Self-confidence
Time Frame: up to 20 weeks
Self-confidence was assessed using the Chinese Version (Cox et al., 2003) of the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 Questionnaire (CSAI-2; Martens et al., 1990). The self-confidence scale consisted of nine items. Each item was scored on a 4-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (not at all) to 4 (very much so). Higher scores indicate higher self-confidence level.
up to 20 weeks
Mindfulness
Time Frame: up to 20 weeks
Mindfulness were assessed using the Chinese version (Deng et al., 2011) of Five facets mindfulness questionnaire (FFMQ) (Baer et al., 2006), with 39 items scored on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = never or very rarely true; 5 = very often or always true). Higher scores indicate higher mindfulness level
up to 20 weeks
Flow state
Time Frame: up to 20 weeks
Flow state was assessed using the Chinese Version (Liu, 2010) of the Short Dispositional Flow Scale (SDFS; Jackson et al., 2008). The nine SDFS items were scored on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (never) to 5 (always), where a higher score indicates a higher overall flow state.
up to 20 weeks

Collaborators and Investigators

This is where you will find people and organizations involved with this study.

Sponsor

Sponsor

The organization or person who initiates the study and who has authority and control over the study.
Hong Kong Metropolitan University

Investigators

Investigators

A researcher involved in a clinical study. Related terms include site principal investigator, site sub-investigator, study chair, study director, and study principal investigator.
  • Principal Investigator: Mum Yee Tse, PhD, Hong Kong Metropolitan University

Study record dates

These dates track the progress of study record and summary results submissions to ClinicalTrials.gov. Study records and reported results are reviewed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to make sure they meet specific quality control standards before being posted on the public website.

Study Major Dates

Study Start (Actual)

Study Start

The actual date on which the first participant was enrolled in a clinical study. The "anticipated" study start date is the date that the researchers think will be the study start date.
March 20, 2021

Primary Completion (Actual)

Primary Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention to collect final data for the primary outcome measure. Whether the clinical study ended according to the protocol or was terminated does not affect this date. For clinical studies with more than one primary outcome measure with different completion dates, this term refers to the date on which data collection is completed for all the primary outcome measures. The "anticipated" primary completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the primary completion date for the study.
February 10, 2023

Study Completion (Actual)

Study Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention/treatment to collect final data for the primary outcome measures, secondary outcome measures, and adverse events (that is, the last participant's last visit). The "anticipated" study completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the study completion date.
September 17, 2023

Study Registration Dates

First Submitted

First Submitted

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submitted a study record to ClinicalTrials.gov. There is typically a delay of a few days between the first submitted date and the record's availability on ClinicalTrials.gov (the first posted date).
September 18, 2023

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submits a study record that is consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. The sponsor or investigator may need to revise and submit a study record one or more times before NLM's QC review criteria are met. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
September 22, 2023

First Posted (Actual)

First Posted

The date on which the study record was first available on ClinicalTrials.gov after National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review has concluded. There is typically a delay of a few days between the date the study sponsor or investigator submitted the study record and the first posted date.
September 29, 2023

Study Record Updates

Last Update Posted (Actual)

Last Update Posted

The most recent date on which changes to a study record were made available on ClinicalTrials.gov. There may be a delay between when the changes were submitted to ClinicalTrials.gov by the study's sponsor or investigator (the last update submitted date) and the last update posted date.
September 29, 2023

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator submitted changes to a study record that are consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
September 22, 2023

Last Verified

Last Verified

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator confirmed the information about a clinical study on ClinicalTrials.gov as accurate and current. If a study with a recruitment status of recruiting; not yet recruiting; or active, not recruiting has not been confirmed within the past 2 years, the study's recruitment status is shown as unknown.
September 1, 2023

More Information

Terms related to this study

Other Study ID Numbers

Other Study ID Numbers

Identifiers or ID numbers other than the NCT number that are assigned to a clinical study by the study's sponsor, funders, or others. These numbers may include unique identifiers from other trial registries and National Institutes of Health grant numbers.
  • HKMetU20210320

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?

NO

Drug and device information, study documents

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product

No

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product

No

This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.

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