The Effect of 360-Degree Video Technology Teaching on Intravenous Catheter Insertion

April 1, 2026 updated by: Berna Aksoy Kahraman, Trakya University

The Effect of 360-Degree Video Technology Teaching on Nursing Students' Intravenous Catheter Insertion Skills, Perceived Learning, and Motivation: A Randomised Controlled Trial

Due to the limited availability of professional skills laboratories in nursing education, students are unable to adequately develop their skills and face numerous challenges when practicing on real patients. In this context, enriching skills training using innovative technologies is necessary, and virtual reality glasses are one of the most commonly used technologies for this purpose. This planned study aimed to determine the effects of virtual reality-enhanced instruction on students' intravenous access skills, perceived learning, and motivation.

Study Overview

Status

Status

Indicates the current recruitment status or the expanded access status.
Completed

Conditions

Conditions

The disease, disorder, syndrome, illness, or injury that is being studied. On ClinicalTrials.gov, conditions may also include other health-related issues, such as lifespan, quality of life, and health risks.

Intervention / Treatment

Intervention / Treatment

A process or action that is the focus of a clinical study. Interventions include drugs, medical devices, procedures, vaccines, and other products that are either investigational or already available. Interventions can also include noninvasive approaches, such as education or modifying diet and exercise.

Study Type

Study Type

Describes the nature of a clinical study. Study types include interventional studies (also called clinical trials), observational studies (including patient registries), and expanded access.
Interventional

Enrollment (Actual)

Enrollment

The number of participants in a clinical study. The "anticipated" enrollment is the target number of participants that the researchers need for the study.
48

Phase

Phase

The stage of a clinical trial studying a drug or biological product, based on definitions developed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The phase is based on the study's objective, the number of participants, and other characteristics. There are five phases: Early Phase 1 (formerly listed as Phase 0), Phase 1, Phase 2, Phase 3, and Phase 4. Not Applicable is used to describe trials without FDA-defined phases, including trials of devices or behavioral interventions.
  • Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

This section provides the contact details for those conducting the study, and information on where this study is being conducted.

Study Locations

  • Turkey (Türkiye)
    • Edirne
      • Edirne, Edirne, Turkey (Türkiye), 22030
        • Trakya University

Participation Criteria

Researchers look for people who fit a certain description, called eligibility criteria. Some examples of these criteria are a person's general health condition or prior treatments.

Eligibility Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

The key requirements that people who want to participate in a clinical study must meet or the characteristics they must have. Eligibility criteria consist of both inclusion criteria (which are required for a person to participate in the study) and exclusion criteria (which prevent a person from participating). Types of eligibility criteria include whether a study accepts healthy volunteers, has age or age group requirements, or is limited by sex.

Ages Eligible for Study

  • Adult
  • Older Adult

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Yes

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Being a first-year student in the Nursing Department of the Faculty of Health Sciences at Trakya University,
  • The student must be taking the "Fundamentals of Nursing" course for the first time,
  • The student must not have received any education in the health field during their high school or associate degree studies,
  • The student must be willing to participate in the research.

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Not being a first-year student in the Nursing Department of the Faculty of Health Sciences at Trakya University,
  • The student having previously taken the "Fundamentals of Nursing" course,
  • The student having received education in the health field during their high school or associate degree studies,
  • The student not being willing to participate in the research.

Study Plan

This section provides details of the study plan, including how the study is designed and what the study is measuring.

How is the study designed?

Design Details

  • Primary Purpose: Other
  • Allocation: Randomized
  • Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
  • Masking: Single

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm

Participant Group / Arm

A group or subgroup of participants in a clinical trial that receives a specific intervention/treatment, or no intervention, according to the trial's protocol.
Intervention / Treatment

Intervention / Treatment

A process or action that is the focus of a clinical study. Interventions include drugs, medical devices, procedures, vaccines, and other products that are either investigational or already available. Interventions can also include noninvasive approaches, such as education or modifying diet and exercise.
Experimental: Intravenous Catheter Insertion Skill Training Given with Virtual Reality Glasses
Firstly, a video demonstrating intravenous catheter insertion skill was filmed by researchers and transferred to virtual reality glasses. Then, the "Drug Administration" unit was presented via PowerPoint presentations. Following the standard lesson, the students in the experimental group were taken to the vocational skills laboratory one by one. The students were shown the skill training video through virtual reality glasses and then had the opportunity to practice on a model of an arm. This process was repeated three times at different times.
Device: Intravenous catheher insertion skill training given using virtual reality glasses
A video demonstrating intravenous catheter insertion skill was filmed by researchers and transferred to virtual reality glasses. Then, the "Drug Administration" unit was presented via PowerPoint presentations. Following the standard lesson, the students in the experimental group were taken to the vocational skills laboratory one by one. The students were shown the skill training video through virtual reality glasses and then had the opportunity to practice on a model of an arm. This process was repeated three times at different times.
No Intervention: The Control group
The students in the control group received standard training. In this context, the "Drug Administration" unit was presented via PowerPoint presentations. Following the standard lesson, the students were taken to the vocational skills laboratory. The researchers demonstrated intravenous catheher incertion skill using a model of an arm mannequin, and students practiced the procedure. This process was repeated three times at different times.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Primary Outcome Measures

In a clinical study's protocol, the planned outcome measure that is the most important for evaluating the effect of an intervention/treatment. Most clinical studies have one primary outcome measure, but some have more than one.
Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Perceived Learning Scale
Time Frame: Before course begin and unitl 2.5 weeks after the course concluded.
The scale was developed by Rovai et al. (2009) and adapted into Turkish by Albayrak, Güngören and Horzum (2014). The scale is a 7-point Likert type scale consisting of 9 items and 3 sub-dimensions. The "Cognitive" sub-dimension measures cognitively perceived learning, the "Affective" sub-dimension measures affectively perceived learning, and the "Psychomotor" sub-dimension measures psychomotorally perceived learning. Items 2 and 7 are reverse-coded and summed. The scale is marked between definitely false (1) and definitely true (7). A score between 9 and 63 is obtained from the entire scale. In the study by Albayrak, Güngören and Horzum (2014), the Cronbach alpha coefficient of the scale was found to be 0.83.
Before course begin and unitl 2.5 weeks after the course concluded.
Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire
Time Frame: Before course begin and until 2.5 weeks after the course concluded.
Developed by Pintrich et al. (1991) and with Turkish reliability and validity studies conducted by Büyüköztürk et al. (2008), this scale consists of two main sections: the Motivation Scale (MS) and the Learning Strategies Scale (LSS). In this study, only the Motivation Scale was used. The Motivation Scale points to three general motivation constructs based on the socio-cognitive model of motivation. These main components are (1) expectancy, (2) value, and (3) affective constructs. Within these main components, the items related to motivation in the scale consist of six sub-dimensions. Accordingly, the sub-dimensions are named as follows: "intrinsic goal regulation (4 items), extrinsic goal regulation (4 items), and task value (6 items)" within the main value component; "self-efficacy perception (8 items), belief in learning control (4 items)" within the main expectancy component; and "examination anxiety (5 items)" within the main affective component. The scale measures students' cour
Before course begin and until 2.5 weeks after the course concluded.
Checklis of Intravenous Catheter Insertion
Time Frame: 4 weeks after the course concluded.
This form, prepared by researchers based on the literature, outlines the steps involved in intravenous catheterization (IV) insertion. The form consists of 33 steps. A scoring system based on golden ratios has been established for evaluating the form. Students receive full points for each step they complete, half the points for incomplete steps, and no points for not completing a step. The highest possible score is 100, and the lowest is 0. The evaluation indicates that higher total scores on the test represent higher levels of intravenous catheter insertion skill. To ensure content validity, this form was sent to expert faculty members for their opinions, and a pilot study was conducted with 10 students enrolled in the 2021-2022 academic year.
4 weeks after the course concluded.

Collaborators and Investigators

This is where you will find people and organizations involved with this study.

Sponsor

Sponsor

The organization or person who initiates the study and who has authority and control over the study.
Trakya University

Investigators

Investigators

A researcher involved in a clinical study. Related terms include site principal investigator, site sub-investigator, study chair, study director, and study principal investigator.
  • Principal Investigator: Berna Aksoy Kahraman, Associate professor, Trakya University

Publications and helpful links

The person responsible for entering information about the study voluntarily provides these publications. These may be about anything related to the study.

General Publications

  • Rohidatun, M. W., Faieza, A. A., Rosnah, M. Y., Nor Hayati, S., & Rahinah, I. (2016). Development of virtual reality (VR) system with haptic controller and augmented reality (AR) system to enhance learning and training experience. International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, 11(16), 8806-8809
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş., Akgün, Ö. E., Kahveci, Ö., & Demirel, F. (2004). Güdülenme ve öğrenme stratejileri ölçeğinin Türkçe formunun geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Bilimleri, 4(2), 207-239.
  • Albayrak, E., Güngören, Ö. C., & Horzum, M. B. (2014). Algılanan öğrenme ölçeğinin Türkçeye uyarlaması. Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 33(1), 1-14.
  • Güngör, S. (2023). Sanal Gerçeklik Gözlüğü Kullanılarak Yapılan Senaryo Tabanlı Üç Boyutlu Videolu Eğitimin Hemşirelik Öğrencilerinin Cerrahi El Yıkama ve Steril Giyinme Becerisi Üzerine Etkisinin İncelenmesi (Yayınlanmamış doktora tezi). Hasan Kalyoncu Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Gaziantep
  • Lau, K. W., Kan, C. W., & Lee, P. Y. (2017). Doing textiles experiments in game-based virtual reality: A design of the Stereoscopic Chemical Laboratory (SCL) for textiles education. The International Journal of Information and Learning Technology, 34(3), 242-258.
  • Chang YM, Lai CL. Exploring the experiences of nursing students in using immersive virtual reality to learn nursing skills. Nurse Educ Today. 2021 Feb;97:104670. doi: 10.1016/j.nedt.2020.104670. Epub 2020 Nov 17.

Study record dates

These dates track the progress of study record and summary results submissions to ClinicalTrials.gov. Study records and reported results are reviewed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to make sure they meet specific quality control standards before being posted on the public website.

Study Major Dates

Study Start (Actual)

Study Start

The actual date on which the first participant was enrolled in a clinical study. The "anticipated" study start date is the date that the researchers think will be the study start date.
February 19, 2026

Primary Completion (Actual)

Primary Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention to collect final data for the primary outcome measure. Whether the clinical study ended according to the protocol or was terminated does not affect this date. For clinical studies with more than one primary outcome measure with different completion dates, this term refers to the date on which data collection is completed for all the primary outcome measures. The "anticipated" primary completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the primary completion date for the study.
March 6, 2026

Study Completion (Actual)

Study Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention/treatment to collect final data for the primary outcome measures, secondary outcome measures, and adverse events (that is, the last participant's last visit). The "anticipated" study completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the study completion date.
March 19, 2026

Study Registration Dates

First Submitted

First Submitted

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submitted a study record to ClinicalTrials.gov. There is typically a delay of a few days between the first submitted date and the record's availability on ClinicalTrials.gov (the first posted date).
March 25, 2026

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submits a study record that is consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. The sponsor or investigator may need to revise and submit a study record one or more times before NLM's QC review criteria are met. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
March 25, 2026

First Posted (Actual)

First Posted

The date on which the study record was first available on ClinicalTrials.gov after National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review has concluded. There is typically a delay of a few days between the date the study sponsor or investigator submitted the study record and the first posted date.
March 31, 2026

Study Record Updates

Last Update Posted (Actual)

Last Update Posted

The most recent date on which changes to a study record were made available on ClinicalTrials.gov. There may be a delay between when the changes were submitted to ClinicalTrials.gov by the study's sponsor or investigator (the last update submitted date) and the last update posted date.
April 7, 2026

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator submitted changes to a study record that are consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
April 1, 2026

Last Verified

Last Verified

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator confirmed the information about a clinical study on ClinicalTrials.gov as accurate and current. If a study with a recruitment status of recruiting; not yet recruiting; or active, not recruiting has not been confirmed within the past 2 years, the study's recruitment status is shown as unknown.
April 1, 2026

More Information

Terms related to this study

Keywords

Other Study ID Numbers

Other Study ID Numbers

Identifiers or ID numbers other than the NCT number that are assigned to a clinical study by the study's sponsor, funders, or others. These numbers may include unique identifiers from other trial registries and National Institutes of Health grant numbers.
  • TÜTF-GOBAEK 2024/233

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?

NO

Drug and device information, study documents

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product

No

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product

No

This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.

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