Accuracy of Ultrasound in Identification of Cricothyroid Membrane: A Randomized Clinical Trial

April 17, 2018 updated by: Dr. Naveed Siddiqui, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital

Ultrasound is Superior to Conventional Palpation Method in Identification of the Cricothyroid Membrane in Subjects With Poorly Defined Neck Landmarks: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Routine surgery requires artificial breathing through the placement of a plastic tube into the patient's windpipe via mouth or nose. This tube serves as the source of providing oxygen to the patients during surgery. Difficulties during insertion of this tube may lead to serious complications and during this life-threatening crisis the only way to provide oxygen to the patient is by the help of a procedure called cricothyrotomy (CTY).

CTY is a life saving procedure that involves an incision on the patient neck at a very precise location called Cricothyroid Membrane (CTM). The current method of identifying this location is by palpation of neck cartilages by the operator. The incorrect identification of the CTM could lead to many complications. In certain patients such as obese or distorted neck features the identification of CTM would be difficult. Ultrasound (US) has improved the success rate of many anesthesia procedures .Its use has been described for identification of neck structures; however, this technique of localization has not been validated against the gold standard which is the use of CT scan. The purpose of our study is to determine the precision of identifying the CTM using the US versus the conventional finger palpation when compared to the gold standard.

Study Overview

Status

Completed

Conditions

Intervention / Treatment

Detailed Description

Inability to secure the airway remains the most frequent cause of anesthesia-related mishaps.Difficult airway management continues to be the major challenge in anesthesia as it is responsible for a third of anesthesia-related claims and is the single largest class of closed claim injury suits. Difficulties in tracheal intubation is the most frequent cause of anesthesia-related morbidity and mortality.

Repeated attempts of tracheal intubations can result in serious soft tissue injury and rapidly deteriorate into a life threatening "cannot intubate-cannot ventilate" (CICV) crisis. The guidelines suggested by the American Society of Anesthesiologists and the Difficult Airway Society for managing the unanticipated difficult airway recommend the performance of a cricothyrotomy(CTY) as the next step for a CICV scenario.

Cricothyrotomy is an infrequently performed life saving procedure when facing a difficult CICV airway.Previous studies quote, the incidence of the CICV scenario to be in the range of 0.01-2 per 10,000 cases. It is therefore imperative that anesthesiologists have the necessary knowledge and skills in successfully managing this life-threatening airway crisis. However, several studies demonstrated that many practicing anesthesiologists and anesthesia trainees (residents/fellows) are uncomfortable with the management of a CICV situation because it is such a rare event. A recent Canadian survey shows that only a quarter of the residents and 40% of practicing anesthesiologists were comfortable with performing a cricothyrotomy. Similar findings were reported in a German national survey of academic teaching hospitals where difficult airway situations, particularly a CICV crisis, were poorly managed and were postulated to have contributed to adverse patient outcomes.Complications of emergency CTY by physicians are common, with rates ranging from 9% to 40%.These complications include failure to cannulate the trachea, false airway passage, severe bleeding, posterior tracheal wall injuries, pneumothorax and esophageal laceration. All of these major complications may be related to improper identification of anatomical landmarks used to identify the correct position of cricothyroid membrane (CTM). The current method of CTY relies solely on digital palpation of these landmarks to accurately identify the CTM.

Several studies have identified independent predictors for patients with difficult airway. These include characteristics such as high body mass index, presence of beard, short bull neck, distorted neck anatomy either due to congenital or acquired pathology such as goiters or radiation to the neck. These are the same factors which may lead to improper identification of neck landmarks for the CTY.

The outcome and accuracy of CTY may be improved with better preparedness and pre-procedural identification of the neck landmarks for CTY before deciding the method of anesthetic. This is especially true in patients with anatomical features of difficult airway, who may be the ones more likely to have a difficult airway or require an emergency CT. In this patient population, incorrect localization of the CTM may lead to significant airway morbidity or failure to quickly establish an airway.

The role of ultrasound in airway management:

Bedside ultrasound is increasingly being used to assist anesthesiologists in performing various procedures.The use of ultrasonography (US) has been shown to significantly reduce complications and improve outcomes. Diagnostic application of US for upper airway anatomy and its role for the performance of CTY and bedside tracheostomy has been previously described. However, little is known on the reliability and validity of the US when compared to the gold standard CT scan in identifying the CTM.

The methods used to identify CTM are based on identification of anatomical landmarks and digital palpation. This may be difficult in patients with poorly defined anatomy, the very same population in which the likelihood of a difficult intubation/emergency surgical airway are higher.

The trachea and paratracheal soft tissues of the neck can be examined at the highest resolution with US probes of high frequency due to their superficial position. The anterior tracheal wall, thyroid and cricoid cartilages, tracheal rings, and pre-tracheal tissue may all be well visualized , which allows the clinician to select the optimal space for CTY tube placement. The use of US for assisting with airway management in anesthesia and in the intensive care unit is directly related to the availability of low-cost and portable US capabilities. Clinicians initially described US-guided central venous catheterization, followed by US-guided regional anesthesia techniques. Recently, a few studies examined the role of US for emergency airway procedures. Nichollas et al developed a standardized US technique to identify the CTM. The findings in this study suggest that the CTM and relevant structures can be quickly identified by emergency physicians using US technique. However this study was limited to patients with normal airway and mainly focused to the standardization of technique. it did not validate the technique against a gold standard. In another study Muhammad et al, reported four cases in which ultrasound was successfully used to perform percutaneous tracheostomy in the ICU. Cricothyroid membrane can easily be located on CT scan.

In summary, inability to secure the airway remains the most frequent cause of anesthesia-related morbidity and mortality. CTY is highly dependent on proper identification of anatomical land-marks.

Study Type

Interventional

Enrollment (Actual)

223

Phase

  • Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

This section provides the contact details for those conducting the study, and information on where this study is being conducted.

Study Locations

  • Canada
    • Ontario
      • Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5G 2C4
        • University Health Network
      • Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5G 2C4
        • UHN

Participation Criteria

Researchers look for people who fit a certain description, called eligibility criteria. Some examples of these criteria are a person's general health condition or prior treatments.

Eligibility Criteria

Ages Eligible for Study

18 years and older (Adult, Older Adult)

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

No

Genders Eligible for Study

All

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

ASA physical status I-III patients aged ≥ 18 with neck pathology who were scheduled for a neck CT scan at University Health Network. All patients recruited in the study had neck pathologies including previous neck surgery, irradiation and/or neck mass.

Exclusion Criteria:

patients who were unable to lie flat, unable to maintain a neutral neck position and those who refused to participate in the study.

Study Plan

This section provides details of the study plan, including how the study is designed and what the study is measuring.

How is the study designed?

Design Details

  • Primary Purpose: Prevention
  • Allocation: Randomized
  • Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
  • Masking: Single

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm
Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: External Palpation group
External Palpation group will consist of 109 patients, who's CTM will be marked using traditional palpation technique of identifying the Cricothyroid membrane.
Other: External Palpation
Using External Palpation to identify cricothyoid membrane
Other Names:
  • Digital Palpation
Experimental: Ultrasound group

Ultrasound group will consist of 114 patients, who's CTM will be marked using, ultrasonography to identify the CTM.

The Intervention by using the Ultrasound to determine the CTM.
Device: Ultrasound
Using the Ultrasound to determine the location of the CTM.
Other Names:
  • Ultrasonography

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
accuracy in identification of the Cricothyroid Membrane
Time Frame: Less than 1 min
accuracy in identification of the CM which was measured by a digital ruler in millimeter from the CT-point to the US-point or EP-point. We defined success as the proportion of accurate attempts within 5 mm distance from the CT-point to the US-point or EP-point.
Less than 1 min

Collaborators and Investigators

This is where you will find people and organizations involved with this study.

Sponsor

Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital

Investigators

  • Principal Investigator: Naveed Siddiqui, MD, MSc, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital

Publications and helpful links

The person responsible for entering information about the study voluntarily provides these publications. These may be about anything related to the study.

General Publications

Helpful Links

Study record dates

These dates track the progress of study record and summary results submissions to ClinicalTrials.gov. Study records and reported results are reviewed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to make sure they meet specific quality control standards before being posted on the public website.

Study Major Dates

Study Start

October 1, 2012

Primary Completion (Actual)

June 1, 2014

Study Completion (Actual)

July 1, 2014

Study Registration Dates

First Submitted

November 9, 2012

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

November 9, 2012

First Posted (Estimate)

November 14, 2012

Study Record Updates

Last Update Posted (Actual)

April 19, 2018

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

April 17, 2018

Last Verified

April 1, 2018

More Information

Terms related to this study

Keywords

Additional Relevant MeSH Terms

Other Study ID Numbers

  • 1-2012

This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.

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