Bupivacaine for Benign Headache in the ED

Treatment of Benign Headache in the Emergency Department Population With Lower Cervical Paraspinous Bupivacaine Injections Versus Anti-Emetic Treatment in the Emergency Department Population: Randomized Prospective Control Trial

Headache is a common chief complaint of patients presenting to the emergency department (ED), accounting for approximately 3 million ED visits per year. Headache treatment is often a source of frustration for both patients and providers. By the time patients with benign headaches arrive in the emergency department, they have often failed non-invasive therapeutic attempts and providers are often left with few therapeutic options. Treatment of benign headache varies between providers, often including systemic medications with a multitude of possible side effects. In recent years, there has been preliminary investigation into anesthetic injections for the undifferentiated headache patient presenting to the emergency department. It has been proposed that these patients presenting with benign headache might benefit from this novel treatment.

Patients that present to the Emergency Department with a diagnosis of benign or primary headache with serious or life-threatening causes of headache will be offered enrollment into the study.

Following consent, subjects will receive either 0.5% bupivacaine injected bilaterally in the paraspinal musculature of the cervical spine or the standard treatment with intravenous Prochlorperazine. The subjects will complete a validated pain scale before, and 20 minutes after injection. At twenty minutes post-injection, the subject will be reevaluated for symptoms. The subject will then be eligible for discharge or standard treatment at the discretion of the treating physician.

Subjects will be followed for 72 hours after enrollment for headache recurrence. Subjects will be monitored for immediate and post-discharge complications.

Study Overview

• Status: Terminated
• Conditions: Benign Headache
• Intervention / Treatment: Drug: Standard Care; Drug: 0.5% bupivacaine

Detailed Description

Headache is a common chief complaint of patients presenting to the emergency department (ED), accounting for approximately 3 million ED visits per year. Headache treatment is often a source of frustration for both patients and providers. By the time patients with benign headaches arrive in the emergency department, they have often failed non-invasive therapeutic attempts and providers are often left with few therapeutic options. Treatment of benign headache varies between providers, often including systemic medications with a multitude of possible side effects. Additionally, most headache cocktails require prolonged duration of treatment, occupying valuable bed space in increasingly busy emergency departments.

In recent years, there has been preliminary investigation into anesthetic injections for the undifferentiated headache patient presenting to the emergency department. It has been proposed that these patients presenting with benign headache might benefit from this novel treatment. Since 2003, paraspinal muscle injections of bupivacaine have been used in emergency department patients with encouraging results. The mechanism of action is not clearly understood; however, it has been proposed that these injections affect the trigeminocervical complex hypothesized to play an integral role in headache physiology, similar to the same mechanism behind greater occipital nerve blocks used by neurologists.

To the best of the investigators knowledge, there has never been a prospective double-blinded randomized control trial addressing this novel approach to headache management. Even so, the topic of using bupivacaine to inject the paraspinal musculature of the cervical spine has gained wider recognition over the past year. The topic has been discussed heavily on emergency medicine blogs and podcasts. Additionally, online videos have been posted to educate emergency medicine providers on the injection technique. According to retrospective literature, clinical efficacy was observed with a significant proportion of the patients receiving therapeutic effect. These studies, along with anecdotal experience with the procedure at the investigators institution, have led to great excitement concerning the possibility of a new approach to emergency department headache management. However, the topic still needs investigation with a well-designed prospective clinical trial to determine true clinical utility.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 23
• Phase: Phase 2

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• United States
  • North Carolina
    • Charlotte, North Carolina, United States, 28203
      • Carolinas Medical Center

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 years to 65 years (Adult, Older Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No
• Genders Eligible for Study: All

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Age 18-65 years old
2. Diagnosis of benign or primary headache

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Hypersensitivity or allergy to bupivacaine (amide anesthetics) or prochlorperazine or other drugs in the same class, dopaminergic blockers.
2. Overlying signs of infection at site of injection (Erythema, purulence, open skin)
3. Neck pathology ( History of surgery to the cervical spine, History of surgical hardware in place, Documented disc abnormality, History of vertebral artery or carotid artery dissection, Torticollis)
4. Intracranial abnormality/pathology (Tumor, Hemorrhage, Concussion or post concussive syndrome)
5. History of increased intracranial pressure (ICP)
6. A known history of extrapyramidal symptoms, dystonia, parkinsonism, tardive dyskinesia or neuroleptic malignant syndrome
7. Known pregnancy
8. Narcotic seeking patients as determined by the treating physician with optional assistance from medical record review and North Carolina Drug Database

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Treatment
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: None (Open Label)

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Active Comparator: standard care; intravenous Prochlorperazine	Drug: Standard Care; 10 mg Intravenous injection of Prochlorperazine; Other Names: Reglan; Prochlorperazine
Experimental: treatment; 0.5% bupivacaine	Drug: 0.5% bupivacaine; The injection site will be prepared using common sterile technique with 2% chlorhexidine. 1.5 mL of 0.5% bupivacaine will be will be injected bilaterally in the paraspinal musculature of the cervical spine. Location would be approximately 1 cm superior to spinous process of C7 and approximately 2-3 cm laterally. The needle is inserted 1 to 1.5 inches into the paraspinous musculature at this level. A 27-gauge needle would be used to minimize tissue trauma and pain to the patient. Our method of injection is followed quite closely with the technique depicted in multiple retrospective studies. We chose to follow previous reported technique secondary to good clinical efficacy and impressive documented safety profile. Additionally, before injection, aspiration would be performed to lesson chance of intravascular injection.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Length of Stay	Length of stay will be calculated as total time of encounter as well as time from doctor encounter to disposition decision	enrollment day
Incidence of Immediate and Post-discharge Complications.	Subjects will be monitored for both immediate and post discharge complications up to 72 hours after enrollment that include: persistent local pain, bleeding, infection, and inadvertent intravascular injection resulting in seizure or possible cardiovascular collapse.	72 hours

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Symptomatic Relief of Headache	Symptomatic relief of headache will be measured by: Change from pre-intervention pain using a visual analog scale and ordinal scale:Headache reliefPartial headache reliefNo headache reliefHeadache worsened; Treatment failure, defined as requirement for additional medication administered in the ED due to incomplete pain relief from the paraspinous bupivacaine injections or the initial dose of intravenous prochlorperazine.; Repeat visit for headache pain within 72 hour time period, excluding routine follow up care, determined by electronic medical record review and telephone follow up.	20 minutes

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Wake Forest University Health Sciences
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Sean Fox, MD, Carolinas Medical Center; Principal Investigator: Carey Nichols, MD, Carolinas Medical Center

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start: October 1, 2013
• Primary Completion (Actual): July 1, 2016
• Study Completion (Actual): July 1, 2016

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: February 3, 2013
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: February 6, 2013
• First Posted (Estimate): February 7, 2013

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): July 14, 2022
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: July 12, 2022
• Last Verified: March 1, 2019

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: headache; bupivacaine; migraine
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Pain; Neurologic Manifestations; Headache; Physiological Effects of Drugs; Neurotransmitter Agents; Molecular Mechanisms of Pharmacological Action; Central Nervous System Depressants; Autonomic Agents; Peripheral Nervous System Agents; Sensory System Agents; Anesthetics; Antiemetics; Gastrointestinal Agents; Antipsychotic Agents; Tranquilizing Agents; Psychotropic Drugs; Dopamine Agents; Dopamine Antagonists; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Prochlorperazine
• Other Study ID Numbers: BBH-001