Vitamin D2, Muscle Damage, NASCAR Pitcrew

Influence of 6-weeks Supplementation With Vitamin D Portobello Mushroom Powder on Muscle Function and Performance, Innate Immune Function, and Exercise-induced Muscle Damage and DOMS in NASCAR Pit Crew Members

Hypothesis: Six weeks of supplementation with vitamin D (4000 IU/day) using Dole's Vitamin D Portobello Mushroom Powder will increase winter serum vitamin D levels, and improve muscle function and strength, and innate immunity (granulocyte/monocyte phagocytosis and oxidative burst activity), and attenuate exercise-induced muscle damage and DOMS.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Muscle Soreness; Vitamin D Status; Muscle Function
• Intervention / Treatment: Dietary supplement: Vitamin D2 mushroom powder; Other: Placebo

Detailed Description

Vitamin D2 is found naturally in sun-exposed mushrooms, and vitamin D3 is synthesized in the skin when exposed to sunlight and is present in oil-rich fish such as salmon, mackerel, and herring. Mushrooms contain very little or any vitamin D2 but are abundant in ergosterol, which can be converted into vitamin D2 by ultraviolet (UV) illumination (Eur J Clin Nutr. 2011;65:965-71).

In recent decades, there has been increased awareness of the impact of vitamin D on muscle function (Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2010;20:182-90). In the early 20th century, athletes and coaches felt that ultraviolet rays had a positive impact on athletic performance, and evidence is accumulating to support this view. Both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies support a functional role for vitamin D in muscle, and the discovery of the vitamin D receptor in muscle tissue provides a mechanistic pathway for understanding the role of vitamin D within muscle. Studies in athletes have found that vitamin D status is variable and is dependent on outdoor training time (during peak sunlight), skin color, and geographic location (Pediatr Clin North Am. 2010;57:849-61).

25(OH)D is the best indicator and major form of vitamin D in the blood, with a circulating half-life of 2-3 weeks. Vitamin D deficiency is defined as a plasma vitamin D [25(OH)D] level of less than 20 ng/ml, with vitamin D insufficiency defined as 21-29 ng/ml. Estimates are that 20-100% of children, young and middle-aged adults, and community-dwelling elderly men and women are vitamin D deficient (J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96:1911-30).

Purpose: To determine if 6 weeks supplementation with Dole Vitamin D Portobello Mushroom Powder (4,000 IU/day) can, 1) increase winter serum vitamin D levels, and measure whether vitamin D supplementation 2) has a chronic influence on muscle function and strength, and innate immune function, and 3) can attenuate exercise-induced muscle damage and delayed onset of muscle soreness (DOMS) in athletes.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 33
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• United States
  • North Carolina
    • Kannapolis, North Carolina, United States, 28081
      • ASU Human Performance Laboratory, North Carolina Research Campus
    • Kannapolis, North Carolina, United States, 28081
      • ASU-NCRC Human Performance Lab
    • Kannapolis, North Carolina, United States, 28081
      • ASU-NCRC Human Performance Laboratory

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 20 years to 40 years (Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No
• Genders Eligible for Study: Male

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• NASCAR pit crew members
• Willing to avoid food and supplement sources (during the 6-week supplementation period) that are high in vitamin D (specifically canned fish, cod liver oil, salmon, and supplements with high-dose vitamin D).
• Agree to train normally.
• Avoid the use of large dose vitamin/mineral supplements (above 100% recommended dietary allowances), and medications known to affect immune function.
• Avoid the use of tanning beds.
• Willing to adhere to all aspects of the study design.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Not allergic to mushrooms.
• Do not have a heart problem or have been told by your doctor not to engage in vigorous exercise.

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Prevention
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: Double

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: Vitamin D2 mushroom powder; 4000 IU/day vitamin D2 mushroom powder	Dietary supplement: Vitamin D2 mushroom powder; Subjects will be given Portobello mushroom powder with or without vitamin D mixed in soymilk powder in six plastic containers (one for each week of the study). Subjects will ingest one level teaspoon of the product each day (with or without 4,000 IU vitamin D2) and consume during breakfast in one of the following ways: mixed in water, juice, yogurt, or milk.; Other Names: UV radiated Portobello mushroom powder
Placebo Comparator: Placebo; Mushroom powder without vitamin D2 (not exposed to UV radiation)	Other: Placebo; Mushroom powder without vitamin D2

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Muscle damage	myoglobin (ug/L) and creatine kinase (IU/L) after eccentric resistance exercise	6 weeks
Muscle Function	Bench press of body weight, reps to fatigue Vertical jump (watts( 300 yard shuttle run (seconds) 30-sec Wingate anaerobic power test (watts/kg)	6 weeks

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Serum vitamin D concentration	25(OH)D2 and 25(OH)D3	6 weeks
Immune Function	White blood cell differential Myeloperoxidase Immune cell cytotoxicity	6 weeks

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Appalachian State University
• Collaborators: Dole Food Company

Publications and helpful links

Helpful Links

• Lab web site

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start: October 1, 2012
• Primary Completion (Actual): January 1, 2013
• Study Completion (Actual): January 1, 2013

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: April 3, 2013
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: April 3, 2013
• First Posted (Estimate): April 5, 2013

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Estimate): April 9, 2013
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: April 8, 2013
• Last Verified: April 1, 2013

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: Strength; Immune function; Muscle soreness; Anaerobic power
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Nervous System Diseases; Pain; Neurologic Manifestations; Musculoskeletal Diseases; Muscular Diseases; Neuromuscular Diseases; Musculoskeletal Pain; Myalgia; Physiological Effects of Drugs; Micronutrients; Vitamins; Bone Density Conservation Agents; Calcium-Regulating Hormones and Agents; Vitamin D; Ergocalciferols
• Other Study ID Numbers: 12_0355