Link4Health: A Combination Strategy for Linkage and Retention, Swaziland (L4H)

LINK4HEALTH: A Combination Approach to Linkage and Retention for HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) Infected Individuals in Swaziland

Despite increased HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) infection testing in Africa, many patients never enroll in subsequent HIV care after testing or remain in care after an initial enrollment. This study's aim is to improve linkage to HIV care and retention in HIV care through the use of feasible, evidence-based, and practical interventions. The study takes place in Swaziland, the country with the highest HIV prevalence (24%) in sub-Saharan Africa. The study will randomize groups of HIV testing sites and affiliated clinics to either standard of care or a combined intervention strategy (CIS) which consists of point-of care CD4 (cluster differentiation 4 (CD4)) testing at time of HIV testing, fast-track HIV medications for those who are eligible for treatment,mobile phone appointment reminders, care bags filled with health prevention materials, and financial incentives. The study outcomes are linkage to and retention in care as well as cost effectiveness, feasibility of interventions, and patient acceptability of interventions.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)
• Intervention / Treatment: Procedure: POC (point-of-care) CD4+ (cluster of differentiation 4) Count; Procedure: Accelerated ART (antiretroviral therapy) Initiation; Behavioral: Basic Care and Prevention Package; Behavioral: Cellular Appointment Reminders and Follow-Up; Other: Financial Incentive

Detailed Description

Linkage of patients from HIV testing to HIV care programs and their retention once enrolled in care are essential to HIV program effectiveness in terms of prevention of HIV;related morbidity and mortality and prevention of HIV transmission. Linkage and retention rates in HIV programs in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) are suboptimal, with less than half of patients who test positive successfully linking and remaining in care at 1 year. This study is a two-arm cluster site;randomized trial to compare the effectiveness of a novel combination package of evidence;based interventions, the combination intervention strategy (CIS), compared to standard of care (SOC) on linkage and retention of HIV;positive patients from point of testing to retention in care. CIS will include 1) point of care CD4+ count assays at HIV testing sites; 2) accelerated antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation for eligible patients; 3) provision of a basic care and prevention package (BCPP); 4) short message service (SMS) reminders for clinic appointments; and 5) financial incentives for linkage and retention. The primary aim is to evaluate the effectiveness of CIS as compared to SOC on the combined outcome of rapid linkage to HIV care within 1 month and retention in care at 12 months among adults testing positive for HIV. Secondary aims include evaluation of the effectiveness of CIS compared to SOC on each of linkage to HIV; retention in care; time to ART initiation; HIV disease progression and mortality; patient acceptability; association between baseline characteristics and outcomes, and comparison of cost effectiveness.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 2201
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• Swaziland
  • Swaziland, Swaziland
    • Bhalekane Clinic
  • Swaziland, Swaziland
    • Dvokolwako
  • Swaziland, Swaziland
    • Good Shepherd Hospital
  • Swaziland, Swaziland
    • Hlatikhulu Hospital
  • Swaziland, Swaziland
    • Horo
  • Swaziland, Swaziland
    • Kamfishane
  • Swaziland, Swaziland
    • Lamvelase
  • Swaziland, Swaziland
    • Luyengo Clinic
  • Swaziland, Swaziland
    • Mangweni Clinic
  • Swaziland, Swaziland
    • Mankayane Hospital
  • Swaziland, Swaziland
    • Mashobneni Clinic
  • Swaziland, Swaziland
    • Mbabane Government Hospital
  • Swaziland, Swaziland
    • Mkhuzweni Health Center
  • Swaziland, Swaziland
    • Motshane
  • Swaziland, Swaziland
    • Mpolenjeni Clinic
  • Swaziland, Swaziland
    • Nhlangano Health Center
  • Swaziland, Swaziland
    • Piggs Peak
  • Swaziland, Swaziland
    • Raleigh Fitkin Memorial Hospital
  • Swaziland, Swaziland
    • Siphofaneni Clinc
  • Swaziland, Swaziland
    • Sithobeloa Rural Health Center

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 years and older (Adult, Older Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No
• Genders Eligible for Study: All

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Age ≥18 years
• Testing HIV-positive at an HTC (HIV testing and counseling) site within a SU (study unit)
• Willing to be referred to an HIV care clinic associated with the SU
• Willing to provide locator information
• Willing to adhere to study procedures, including a baseline interview, home-based interviews at 1 and 12 months after study enrollment; home-based CD4+ count assessment 12 months after enrollment, and abstraction of data from their medical records.
• Able to provide informed consent

Exclusion Criteria:

• Planning on leaving the community where they currently reside in the next 12 months for a period greater than 6 months
• Enrolled in HIV (Human immunodeficiency virus) care in the past 6 months at any HIV care clinic
• Currently on ART (antiretroviral therapy)
• Initiated ART (for any duration) in the past 6 months at any HIV care clinic
• Does not speak or understand English or si-Swati
• Reports being currently pregnant at time of study enrollment

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Treatment
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: None (Open Label)

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
No Intervention: Standard of Care; Participants will be managed per standard of care following prevailing Swaziland Ministry of Health guidelines.
Experimental: Combined Intervention Strategy; Point-of-care (POC) CD4+ (cluster of differentiation 4) Count Accelerated ART initiation for ART eligible participants Basic care and prevention package Cellular Appointment Reminders and Follow-Up Financial Incentives	Procedure: POC (point-of-care) CD4+ (cluster of differentiation 4) Count; Each HIV testing and counseling (HTC) site will be equipped with POC CD4+ testing using PIMA™ Analyser (Inverness), test strips, and reagents. Study staff will obtain 25 microliters of blood via finger prick and process the POC (point-of-care) CD4+ (cluster of differentiation 4) Count' test immediately following the baseline interview. Test results will be recorded on study forms including a referral form that has multiple copies, one copy to be given to the participant, the second sent to the affiliated HIV (Human immunodeficiency virus)care clinic in the study unit, and the third kept by study staff in a locked cabinet with other confidential material. All participants, regardless of the CD4+ result, will be encouraged to enroll in HIV care as soon as they can.; Other Names: PIMA; Procedure: Accelerated ART (antiretroviral therapy) Initiation; Accelerated ART initiation for patients with POC CD4+ < 350 cells/uL (micro-liter) within 1 week from testing. 2 counseling sessions (one at time of HTC and other at first HIV clinic visit), and collection of blood for other baseline lab tests, but initiation prior to return of results for patients who do not meet criteria for waiting; Behavioral: Basic Care and Prevention Package; Basic care and prevention package (BCPP) provided approximately every three months that includes: condoms; soap, pill box and pictorial education about use of materials and HIV, such as family testing tools and information. Information on BCPP contents and review the educational materials will be provided. An example of educational materials is a family-testing tool to encourage the participant to have all family members tested for HIV. All BCPP items will be replenished every 3 months for all participants, regardless of ART status, beginning at linkage to HIV care.; Other Names: BCPP; Behavioral: Cellular Appointment Reminders and Follow-Up; SMS (short messaging service) appointment reminders for follow-up appointments. Telephone call within 7 days of missed appointment for all patients.; Other: Financial Incentive; Participants will receive a series of financial incentives to support linkage into care within 1 month and retention in care at 6 months and 12 months after testing HIV positive. The value of the financial incentive (FI) will be 80 Swaziland Rand, calculated based on the associated financial costs of traveling to clinic. These incentives will be distributed by through mobile airtime. Participants without mobile phones will be given an alternative incentive of equal value, such as a store voucher.; Other Names: FI (Financial Incentive)

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Change in proportion of participants who both link to care at assigned study unit within 1 month and are retained in care at the designated study unit 12 months after HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) diagnosis	Combined outcome of linkage to HIV care within 1 month after testing HIV positive and retention in care 12 months after testing. Participants are considered to achieve this outcome if they successfully link to the HIV clinic at their study unit (SU) within 1 month of testing HIV positive and are retained in care at the HIV clinic at their SU 12 months after testing HIV positive, as measured from medical records.	one month after enrollment, 12 months after enrollment

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Proportion of participants successfully linked to care at designated study unit within 1 month of HIV diagnosis	Linkage to care within 1 month of HIV testing (at any clinic within the assigned study unit).	12 months after enrollment
Proportion of participants retained in care at designated study unit 12 months after HIV diagnosis.	Retention in care 12 months after HIV testing, independent of linkage at 1 month (at any clinic within the assigned study unit).	12 months after enrollment
Change in proportion of participants successfully linked to care at any HIV care clinic within one month of HIV diagnosis	Proportion of participants successfully linked to care at any HIV care clinic within one month of HIV diagnosis	one month after enrollment, 12 months after enrollment
Median time from HIV testing to initial assessment of ART (antiretroviral) eligibility	Time from linkage to ART eligibility assessment	12-months after enrollment
Median time from HIV testing to ART eligibility	Time from HIV testing to ART eligibility	12 months after enrollment
Proportion of participants who consistently engage in care (attend > 75% of scheduled appointments)	Proportion of participants who consistently engage in care, defined as attend > 75% of scheduled appointments	12-months after enrollment
Change in proportion of participants with new World Health Organization (WHO) Stage III/IV event or hospitalization	Proportion of participants with new WHO Stage III/IV event or hospitalization	1 month after enrollment,12 months after enrollment
Median CD4+ (cluster difference 4) count and viral load 12 months after HIV diagnosis	Median CD4+ cell count 12 months after HIV diagnosis, median viral load 12 months after HIV diagnosis	12 months after testing HIV-positive
Change in Mortality rate	Mortality rate 12 months after HIV diagnosis	1 month after enrollment, 12 months after enrollment
Change in proportion of participants reporting interventions were received	Proportion of participants, who are randomized to study units receiving CIS, reporting receipt of each intervention	1 month after enrollment, 12 months after enrollment
Proportion of participants reporting that interventions were highly acceptable	Proportion of participants, who are randomized to study units receiving CIS, reporting that interventions were highly acceptable	12 months after enrollment

Other Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Change in adjusted risk ratio comparing proportion of participants who both link to care at assigned study unit within one month and are retained in care at designated study unit twelve months after HIV diagnosis	Adjusted risk ratio comparing proportion of participants who both link to care at assigned study unit within one month and are retained in care at designated study unit twelve months after HIV diagnosis, by strata of age, sex, and other socio-demographic variables	at enrollment, one month after enrollment, 12 months after enrollment

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Columbia University
• Collaborators: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); New York University; National Institutes of Health (NIH); Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Wafaa El-Sadr, MD MPH, ICAP Columbia University; Study Director: Charles Azih, MD MPH, Swaziland MOH; Study Director: Scott Braithwaite, MD MSc, New York University; Study Director: Batya Elul, PhD MD, ICAP Columbia University; Study Director: Peter Ehrenkranz, MD MPH, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Study Director: Matthew Lamb, PhD MPH, ICAP Columbia University; Study Director: Margaret McNairy, MD MSc, ICAP Columbia University; Study Director: Phumzile Mndzebele, Swaziland MOH; Study Director: Ruben Sahabao, MD, ICAP Swaziland

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• McNairy ML, Lamb MR, Gachuhi AB, Nuwagaba-Biribonwoha H, Burke S, Mazibuko S, Okello V, Ehrenkranz P, Sahabo R, El-Sadr WM. Effectiveness of a combination strategy for linkage and retention in adult HIV care in Swaziland: The Link4Health cluster randomized trial. PLoS Med. 2017 Nov 7;14(11):e1002420. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002420. eCollection 2017 Nov.
• McNairy ML, Gachuhi AB, Lamb MR, Nuwagaba-Biribonwoha H, Burke S, Ehrenkranz P, Mazibuko S, Sahabo R, Philip NM, Okello V, El-Sadr WM. The Link4Health study to evaluate the effectiveness of a combination intervention strategy for linkage to and retention in HIV care in Swaziland: protocol for a cluster randomized trial. Implement Sci. 2015 Jul 19;10:101. doi: 10.1186/s13012-015-0291-4.

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start: August 1, 2013
• Primary Completion (Actual): May 1, 2016
• Study Completion (Actual): October 12, 2021

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: July 16, 2013
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: July 19, 2013
• First Posted (Estimate): July 22, 2013

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): October 22, 2021
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: October 20, 2021
• Last Verified: October 1, 2021

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: retention; financial incentive; linkage; HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus); ART (antiretroviral therapy); SMS (Short Message Service) appointment reminder; accelerated ART; CD4+ count
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: RNA Virus Infections; Virus Diseases; Infections; Blood-Borne Infections; Communicable Diseases; Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Viral; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; Lentivirus Infections; Retroviridae Infections; Immune System Diseases; Slow Virus Diseases; HIV Infections; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes; Anti-Infective Agents; Antiviral Agents; Anti-Retroviral Agents
• Other Study ID Numbers: AAAL2708; 5R01AI100059-02 (U.S. NIH Grant/Contract)

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: UNDECIDED