A Phase 1 Study to Evaluate MEDI4736 in Combination With Tremelimumab

A Phase 1 Study to Evaluate the Safety and Tolerability of Anti-PD-L1, MEDI4736, in Combination With Tremelimumab in Subjects With Advanced Solid Tumors

This was a Phase 1, open-label, nonrandomized, multicenter study of durvalumab and tremelimumab in subjects with advanced cancers who were not eligible for, declined, or failed standard treatment. The primary study objective was to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and safety profile of the durvalumab and tremelimumab combination. Secondary objectives were to evaluate the pharmacokinetics (PK) and immunogenicity of durvalumab and tremelimumab, and the antitumor activity (tumor response, progression-free survival [PFS], and overall survival [OS]) of the durvalumab and tremelimumab combination. (Note: Collection of PK and immunogenicity samples was removed by amendment; analysis was not done.) Exploratory objectives were to evaluate the biological activity of the durvalumab and tremelimumab combination.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Renal Cell Carcinoma; Cervical Cancer; Breast Cancer; Colorectal Cancer; Ovarian Cancer
• Intervention / Treatment: Drug: Durvalumab; Drug: Tremelimumab

Detailed Description

The study comprised a 3 + 3 dose escalation phase in which 3 to 6 subjects were enrolled into sequential cohorts until determination of the MTD, followed by an expansion phase in 5 tumor type-specific cohorts (i.e., ovarian cancer, colorectal cancer, non-triple negative breast cancer, renal cell carcinoma, and cervical cancer). Each expansion cohort was to include 15 subjects treated with the identified MTD or maximum dose tested in the dose-escalation phase.

Subjects received durvalumab and tremelimumab over 12 to 13 four-week cycles during the Core Study, with continuous monitoring for safety, clinical efficacy, and biological activity, followed by optional treatment extension with durvalumab for subjects maintaining at least stable disease if agreed upon by the Investigator and Sponsor. After study treatment completion, study assessments were continued for up to 90 days after the last administration of study treatment or until start of alternate therapy, with long-term follow up after study completion for clinical outcomes at least every 6 months for up to 3 years following initiation of treatment.

Study treatment in the Core Study continued for up to 12 months or until confirmed progressive disease (PD), initiation of alternative cancer therapy, observation of unacceptable toxicity, or any other criteria for treatment discontinuation.

Optional treatment extension beyond the Core Study was permitted for subjects who completed the Core Study with a tumor response of stable disease or better and upon agreement by the Sponsor and Investigator. Extended treatment comprised durvalumab monotherapy administered at the recommended fixed dose of 1500 mg administered every 4 weeks (Q4W).

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 104
• Phase: Phase 1

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• United States
  • Connecticut
    • New Haven, Connecticut, United States, 06510
      • Yale Cancer Center
  • Massachusetts
    • Boston, Massachusetts, United States, 02215
      • Dana-Farber Cancer Institute
  • New York
    • Buffalo, New York, United States, 14203
      • Roswell Park Cancer Institute
    • New York, New York, United States, 10065
      • Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
  • Texas
    • Dallas, Texas, United States, 75230
      • Mary Crowley Cancer Research Center
  • Virginia
    • Charlottesville, Virginia, United States, 22903
      • University of Virginia Division of Hematology and Oncology

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 years and older (Adult, Older Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No
• Genders Eligible for Study: All

Description

Inclusion Criteria

1. Histologically- or cytologically-confirmed ovarian cancer, colorectal cancer, non-triple negative breast cancer, renal cell carcinoma and cervical cancer, with at least one lesion measurable by the immune-related Response Criteria (irRC) not previously irradiated. NOTE: Per Amendment 5, the disease states of non-small cell lung cancer and head and neck cancer were removed from the study and were replaced by non-triple negative breast cancer.
2. Failed to respond to or relapsed following standard treatment or declined or was not eligible for standard treatment.
3. Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) Performance Status of 0-2.
4. Anticipated lifespan greater than 6 months.

5. At the time of Day 1 of the study, subjects with brain metastases must have been asymptomatic for at least 4 weeks and:

   • at least 8 weeks without tumor progression after any whole brain radiotherapy;
   • at least 4 weeks since craniotomy and resection or stereotactic radiosurgery;
   • at least 3 weeks without new brain metastases as evidenced by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)/computed tomography (CT).

6. Adequate organ and marrow function, as defined below:

   • hemoglobin ≥ 9 g/dL
   • absolute neutrophil count ≥ 1500/mm^3
   • platelet count ≥ 100,000/mm^3
   • total bilirubin within normal ranges unless associated with hepatobiliary metastases or Gilbert syndrome, then total bilirubin ≤ 2 × the upper limit of normal (ULN)
   • alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) ≤ 2.5 × ULN unless associated with hepatic metastases, then ALT and AST ≤ 5 × ULN
   • creatinine ≤ 2.0 mg/dL
7. Have been informed of other treatment options.
8. Age ≥ 18 years.
9. Able and willing to give valid written informed consent.
10. Able and willing to give valid written consent for archival tumor samples.
11. Able and willing to give valid written consent for biopsy samples (subjects with biopsiable tumors, and if clinically appropriate, in the expansion phase only).

Exclusion Criteria

1. Prior exposure to tremelimumab or durvalumab or other anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4), anti-programmed cell death-1 (PD-1), anti-programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) antibodies.
2. History of severe allergic reactions to any unknown allergens or any components of the study drugs.
3. Active or prior autoimmune disease except for autoimmune thyroiditis or vitiligo.
4. Any prior Grade ≥ 3 immune-related adverse event (irAE) or any prior corticosteroid-refractory irAE.
5. Known active or chronic viral hepatitis or history of any type of hepatitis within the last 6 months.
6. History of sarcoidosis syndrome.
7. Active or history of inflammatory bowel disease (colitis, Crohn's), diverticulitis, irritable bowel disease, celiac disease, or other serious, chronic, gastrointestinal conditions associated with diarrhea. Active or history of systemic lupus erythematosus or Wegener's granulomatosis.
8. Metastatic disease to the central nervous system for which other therapeutic options, including radiotherapy, may have been available.
9. Known immunodeficiency or active human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
10. Other active serious illnesses (e.g., serious infections requiring antibiotics).
11. If a subject previously received investigational treatment, the last dose of investigational treatment was administered within 4 weeks of Day 1 of the study or AE(s) attributable to investigational treatment had not resolved to Grade 1 or better.
12. Major surgical procedure (as defined by the Investigator) within 30 days prior to Day 1 or still recovering from prior surgery.
13. Mental impairment that may have compromised the ability to give informed consent and comply with the requirements of the study.
14. Lack of availability for immunological and clinical follow-up assessments.
15. Women who were breast feeding or pregnant as evidenced by positive serum pregnancy test (minimum sensitivity 25 IU/L or equivalent units of human chorionic gonadotropin [HCG]).

16. Female subjects of childbearing potential who were sexually active with a non-sterilized male partner must have used at least one highly effective method of contraception from the time of screening and must have agreed to continue using such precautions for 90 days after the last dose of durvalumab or for 6 months after the final dose of durvalumab + tremelimumab (whichever was longer). Non-sterilized male partners of a female subject must have used male condoms plus spermicide throughout this period. Cessation of birth control after this point should have been discussed with a responsible physician. Not engaging in sexual activity for the total duration of the trial and the drug washout period was an acceptable practice; however, periodic abstinence, the rhythm method, and the withdrawal method were not acceptable methods of birth control.

    Female subjects should have also refrained from breastfeeding throughout the period described above.

    Females of childbearing potential were defined as those who were not surgically sterile (i.e., bilateral tubal ligation, bilateral oophorectomy, or complete hysterectomy) or post-menopausal.

    Females were considered post-menopausal if they had been amenorrheic for 12 months without an alternative medical cause. The following age-specific requirements applied:

    • Females <50 years of age were considered post-menopausal if they had been amenorrheic for 12 months or more following cessation of exogenous hormonal treatments and if they had luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone levels in the post-menopausal range for the institution or underwent surgical sterilization (bilateral oophorectomy or hysterectomy).
    • Females ≥ 50 years of age were considered post-menopausal if they had been amenorrheic for 12 months or more following cessation of all exogenous hormonal treatments, had radiation-induced menopause with last menses >1 year ago, had chemotherapy-induced menopause with last menses >1 year ago, or underwent surgical sterilization (bilateral oophorectomy, bilateral salpingectomy or hysterectomy).

    Non-sterilized male subjects who were sexually active with a female partner of childbearing potential must have used male condoms plus spermicide from screening through 90 days after the last dose of durvalumab or through 6 months after receipt of the final dose of durvalumab + tremelimumab (whichever was longer). Female partners (of childbearing potential) of a male subject must have used a highly effective method of contraception throughout this period. Cessation of birth control after this point should have been discussed with a responsible physician. Not engaging in sexual activity for the total duration of the trial and the drug washout period was an acceptable practice; however, periodic abstinence, the rhythm method, and the withdrawal method were not acceptable methods of contraception.

    Male subjects should have refrained from sperm donation throughout the period described above.

    A highly effective method of contraception was defined as one that resulted in a low failure rate (i.e. less than 1% per year) when used consistently and correctly. Note that some contraception methods were not considered highly effective (e.g., male or female condom with or without spermicide; female cap, diaphragm, or sponge with or without spermicide; non-copper containing intrauterine device; progestogen-only oral hormonal contraceptive pills where inhibition of ovulation is not the primary mode of action [excluding Cerazette/desogestrel which was considered highly effective]; and triphasic combined oral contraceptive pills).

17. Any condition that, in the clinical judgment of the treating physician, was likely to prevent the subject from complying with any aspect of the protocol or that may have put the subject at unacceptable risk.
18. Subjects must not have donated blood while on study and for at least 90 days following the last durvalumab treatment or 6 months after the last tremelimumab treatment, whichever was longer.

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Treatment
• Allocation: Non-Randomized
• Interventional Model: Sequential Assignment
• Masking: None (Open Label)

Number of Arms

9

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: Escalation: 0.3 mg/kg Durva + 3 mg/kg Treme; Subjects received durvalumab (0.3 mg/kg every 2 weeks [Q2W] for 13 cycles) and tremelimumab (3 mg/kg every 4 weeks [Q4W] for 6 cycles, then every 12 weeks [Q12W]). Optional extended treatment comprised durvalumab monotherapy administered at the recommended fixed dose of 1500 mg Q4W.	Drug: Durvalumab; Durvalumab was administered as an intravenous (IV) infusion over 60 (± 5) minutes.; Other Names: MEDI4736; Durva; Drug: Tremelimumab; Tremelimumab was administered as an intravenous (IV) infusion over 60 (± 5) minutes.; Other Names: Treme
Experimental: Escalation: 1 mg/kg Durva + 3 mg/kg Treme; Subjects received durvalumab (1 mg/kg Q2W for 13 cycles) and tremelimumab (3 mg/kg Q4W for 6 cycles, then Q12W). Optional extended treatment comprised durvalumab monotherapy administered at the recommended fixed dose of 1500 mg Q4W.	Drug: Durvalumab; Durvalumab was administered as an intravenous (IV) infusion over 60 (± 5) minutes.; Other Names: MEDI4736; Durva; Drug: Tremelimumab; Tremelimumab was administered as an intravenous (IV) infusion over 60 (± 5) minutes.; Other Names: Treme
Experimental: Escalation: 3 mg/kg Durva + 3 mg/kg Treme; Subjects received durvalumab (3 mg/kg Q2W for 13 cycles) and tremelimumab (3 mg/kg Q4W for 6 cycles, then Q12W). Optional extended treatment comprised durvalumab monotherapy administered at the recommended fixed dose of 1500 mg Q4W.	Drug: Durvalumab; Durvalumab was administered as an intravenous (IV) infusion over 60 (± 5) minutes.; Other Names: MEDI4736; Durva; Drug: Tremelimumab; Tremelimumab was administered as an intravenous (IV) infusion over 60 (± 5) minutes.; Other Names: Treme
Experimental: Escalation: 3 mg/kg Durva + 1 mg/kg Treme; Subjects received durvalumab (3 mg/kg Q2W for 12 or 13 cycles) and tremelimumab (1 mg/kg Q4W for 6 cycles, then Q12W or Q4W for 4 cycles). Optional extended treatment comprised durvalumab monotherapy administered at the recommended fixed dose of 1500 mg Q4W.	Drug: Durvalumab; Durvalumab was administered as an intravenous (IV) infusion over 60 (± 5) minutes.; Other Names: MEDI4736; Durva; Drug: Tremelimumab; Tremelimumab was administered as an intravenous (IV) infusion over 60 (± 5) minutes.; Other Names: Treme
Experimental: Expansion: Ovarian Cancer; Subjects received durvalumab (10 mg/kg Q2W for 13 cycles or 1500 mg Q4W for 12 cycles) and tremelimumab (1 mg/kg or 75 mg Q4W for 4 cycles). Optional extended treatment comprised durvalumab monotherapy administered at the recommended fixed dose of 1500 mg Q4W.	Drug: Durvalumab; Durvalumab was administered as an intravenous (IV) infusion over 60 (± 5) minutes.; Other Names: MEDI4736; Durva; Drug: Tremelimumab; Tremelimumab was administered as an intravenous (IV) infusion over 60 (± 5) minutes.; Other Names: Treme
Experimental: Expansion: Colorectal Cancer; Subjects received durvalumab (10 mg/kg Q2W for 13 cycles or 1500 mg Q4W for 12 cycles) and tremelimumab (1 mg/kg or 75 mg Q4W for 4 cycles). Optional extended treatment comprised durvalumab monotherapy administered at the recommended fixed dose of 1500 mg Q4W.	Drug: Durvalumab; Durvalumab was administered as an intravenous (IV) infusion over 60 (± 5) minutes.; Other Names: MEDI4736; Durva; Drug: Tremelimumab; Tremelimumab was administered as an intravenous (IV) infusion over 60 (± 5) minutes.; Other Names: Treme
Experimental: Expansion: Non-triple Negative Breast Cancer; Subjects received durvalumab (10 mg/kg Q2W for 13 cycles or 1500 mg Q4W for 12 cycles) and tremelimumab (1 mg/kg or 75 mg Q4W for 4 cycles). Optional extended treatment comprised durvalumab monotherapy administered at the recommended fixed dose of 1500 mg Q4W.	Drug: Durvalumab; Durvalumab was administered as an intravenous (IV) infusion over 60 (± 5) minutes.; Other Names: MEDI4736; Durva; Drug: Tremelimumab; Tremelimumab was administered as an intravenous (IV) infusion over 60 (± 5) minutes.; Other Names: Treme
Experimental: Expansion: Renal Cell Carcinoma; Subjects received durvalumab (10 mg/kg Q2W for 13 cycles or 1500 mg Q4W for 12 cycles) and tremelimumab (1 mg/kg or 75 mg Q4W for 4 cycles). Optional extended treatment comprised durvalumab monotherapy administered at the recommended fixed dose of 1500 mg Q4W.	Drug: Durvalumab; Durvalumab was administered as an intravenous (IV) infusion over 60 (± 5) minutes.; Other Names: MEDI4736; Durva; Drug: Tremelimumab; Tremelimumab was administered as an intravenous (IV) infusion over 60 (± 5) minutes.; Other Names: Treme
Experimental: Expansion: Cervical Cancer; Subjects received durvalumab (10 mg/kg Q2W for 13 cycles or 1500 mg Q4W for 12 cycles) and tremelimumab (1 mg/kg or 75 mg Q4W for 4 cycles). Optional extended treatment comprised durvalumab monotherapy administered at the recommended fixed dose of 1500 mg Q4W.	Drug: Durvalumab; Durvalumab was administered as an intravenous (IV) infusion over 60 (± 5) minutes.; Other Names: MEDI4736; Durva; Drug: Tremelimumab; Tremelimumab was administered as an intravenous (IV) infusion over 60 (± 5) minutes.; Other Names: Treme

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Number of Subjects With Treatment-emergent Adverse Events (TEAEs)	Toxicity was graded in accordance with the National Cancer Institute (NCI) Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE), version 4.03. Adverse events (AEs) were reported based on clinical laboratory tests, vital sign and weight measurements, physical examinations, performance status evaluations, electrocardiograms, magnetic resonance imaging, and any other medically indicated assessments, including subject interviews, from the time informed consent is signed through 90 days after the last dose of study treatment. AEs were considered to be treatment emergent (TEAE) if they occurred or worsened in severity after the first dose of study treatment.	Up to 36 months

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Number of Subjects With Best Overall Immune-related Tumor Response	Immune-related tumor response was evaluated by computed tomography at Baseline and every 4 to 8 or 12 weeks on study. Tumor response was designated according to the immune-related Response Criteria (irRC) (Wolchok et al 2009) into the following categories: immune-related complete response (irCR) requires disappearance of all lesions in two consecutive observations not less than 4 weeks apart; immune-related partial response (irPR) requires ≥ 50% decrease in tumor burden compared with baseline in two observations at least 4 weeks apart; immune-related stable disease (irSD) is assigned when neither a 50% decrease from baseline tumor burden nor a 25% increase in tumor burden from nadir can be established; immune-related progressive disease (irPD) requires a ≥ 25% increase from nadir in tumor burden at any single time point in two consecutive observations at least 4 weeks apart.	Up to 24 months
Number of Subjects With Best Overall Tumor Response by Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) Version 1.1	Tumor response was evaluated using computed tomography and categorized according to RECIST (version 1.1) at Baseline and every 4 to 8 or 12 weeks on study. Per RECIST 1.1 (Eisenhauer et al 2009), target lesions are categorized as follows: Complete Response (CR): Disappearance of all target lesions; Partial Response (PR): ≥ 30% decrease in the sum of the longest diameter of target lesions; Progressive Disease (PD): ≥ 20% increase in the sum of the longest diameter of target lesions; Stable Disease (SD): small changes that do not meet above criteria.	Up to 24 months
Median Progression-free Survival Per irRC Based on Kaplan-Meier Product Limit Estimates	PFS was measured from the date of the first dose of study treatment to the date of the first confirmed progression (including clinical progression) or the date of death if a subject died before progression. Per irRC, irPD requires a ≥ 25% increase from nadir in tumor burden at any single time point in two consecutive observations at least 4 weeks apart (Wolchok et al 2009). Subjects who did not experience a PFS event (progression or death) were censored at the date of the last tumor assessment. Subjects with no relevant tumor response assessment were censored at the start date of study treatment.	Up to 36 months
Median Progression-free Survival Per RECIST 1.1 Based on Kaplan-Meier Product Limit Estimates	PFS was measured from the date of the first dose of study treatment to the date of the first confirmed progression (including clinical progression) or the date of death if a subject died before progression. Per RECIST 1.1, PD requires a ≥ 20% increase in the sum of the longest diameter of target lesions (Eisenhauer et al 2009). Subjects who did not experience a PFS event (progression or death) were censored at the date of the last tumor assessment. Subjects with no relevant tumor response assessment were censored at the start date of study treatment.	Up to 36 months
Median Overall Survival (OS) Based on Kaplan-Meier Product Limit Estimates	All subjects were monitored for survival follow-up at least every 6 months after study completion for up to 3 years after initiation of treatment. Subjects who continued into the Extension part of the study may have been followed for longer than 3 years if they were still receiving treatment. OS was measured from the date of the first dose of study treatment until the recorded date of death. Subjects without a recorded outcome of death were censored at the date of last contact.	Up to 48 months

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research
• Collaborators: Cancer Research Institute, New York City; MedImmune LLC
• Investigators: Study Chair: Jedd D Wolchok, MD, PhD, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Eisenhauer EA, Therasse P, Bogaerts J, Schwartz LH, Sargent D, Ford R, Dancey J, Arbuck S, Gwyther S, Mooney M, Rubinstein L, Shankar L, Dodd L, Kaplan R, Lacombe D, Verweij J. New response evaluation criteria in solid tumours: revised RECIST guideline (version 1.1). Eur J Cancer. 2009 Jan;45(2):228-47. doi: 10.1016/j.ejca.2008.10.026.
• Wolchok JD, Hoos A, O'Day S, Weber JS, Hamid O, Lebbe C, Maio M, Binder M, Bohnsack O, Nichol G, Humphrey R, Hodi FS. Guidelines for the evaluation of immune therapy activity in solid tumors: immune-related response criteria. Clin Cancer Res. 2009 Dec 1;15(23):7412-20. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-09-1624. Epub 2009 Nov 24.

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): December 19, 2013
• Primary Completion (Actual): December 1, 2019
• Study Completion (Actual): July 2, 2021

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: October 29, 2013
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: October 29, 2013
• First Posted (Estimate): November 5, 2013

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): October 12, 2022
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: October 3, 2022
• Last Verified: October 1, 2022

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Neoplasms by Histologic Type; Neoplasms; Urologic Neoplasms; Urogenital Neoplasms; Neoplasms by Site; Kidney Diseases; Urologic Diseases; Adenocarcinoma; Carcinoma; Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial; Kidney Neoplasms; Carcinoma, Renal Cell; Antineoplastic Agents; Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological; Durvalumab; Tremelimumab
• Other Study ID Numbers: LUD2013-003

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: NO

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: Yes
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No